Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411116EnglishN2019August17HealthcareSmoking Behavior among Bangladeshi Young Adults: Insights from a Smoking Survey of University Students in Dhaka City
English0104Senjuti MajumderEnglish Shahanaj Parvin ShomaEnglishBackground: Smoking has become an important public health issue in recent years, but little is known about how smokers position themselves and regulate their behavior in this context.
Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the trends of cigarette smoking & the concomitant perception of young adults towards it.
Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was carried out at renowned 5 universities of Dhaka city. Around 250 students filled-out the questionnaires based on cigarette smoking and were evaluated in between July, 2015 to December, 2015.
Results: This survey has been shown that most of the smokers are male and the number of female smoker is also increasing. We also learnt different kinds of people’s perception regarding smoking. Moreover, we identified that although maximum participants knew that smoking can cause cancer and chronic respiratory diseases, they continued smoking. From the survey we have come to understand that, day by day the number of smokers has been increasing rapidly. To quit smoking is quite impossible to the young smokers.
Conclusion: Our awareness can show them a light of life. For this, we need to come forward and help them to quit smoking. Media advertising, campaigning, social awareness, education etc. can help us to prevent smoking.
EnglishSmoking, Harmful, Young adults, Attitudes, Regulation, AwarenessINTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades several study results have suggested that smoking prevalence among young adults has increased significantly1. Targeting young adults by tobacco industries is the main reason of increasing young smokers. Much of their marketing occurs by targeting college and university students2. The longevity of tobacco smoking is severely detrimental to human health which is well known to us because of several articles published earlier on this topic3-5. Several studies have also shown the relationship between tobacco smoking and the development of diseases. Among the observed diseases most notable are heart disease, respiratory or lungs disease, renal disease and various types of cancer6-10. According to the study of WHO one billion people will die in 21st century due to the diseases associated with tobacco because it causes some deleterious non-communicable diseases11. In addition to smoking, passive smoking is also responsible for causing diseases, disability and even death12.
The best way to prevent the harmful effects of smoking is quitting it. Smokers who gained mental benefit from smoking, as in some cases finding it helpful to regulate or improve concentration, are less successful of quitting smoking13. On the other hand who believes smoking is harmful for health and for everyday life will be more motivated to quit smoking14. The intention of our study was to identify common causes and factor of smoking and believes of smokers. After identifying common factors, preventive measures were also evaluated to benefit the society. A better solution to stop smoking is creating public awareness by advertising harmful effects of smoking.
METHODOLOGY
This prospective cross sectional study was done with 250 university students from July, 2015 to December, 2015. The investigation was carried out in some renowned university of Dhaka city. For the purpose of this study a standard questionnaire was formed to evaluate various parameters like socio-demographic data of participants, attitude towards smoking, reasons behind starting smoking, and harmful effects of smoking and possible measures to stop and prevent smoking. During interview several inclusion factors were considered which are given below:
Only university students participated
Both male and female participants
University students who are living in Dhaka city
Both smokers and non-smokers
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio Demographic Data
In this survey it was clearly seen that most of the young people were cigarette smoker and we have found 62.80% smoker and 19.20% non-smoker among our survey population. It was also observed that most of the cigarette smokers were male (72.40%) and a few amount of cigarette smokers were female (8.80%). Among the smokers, maximum of our participants were living in hostel (58.06%) rather than with parents and other family members. In case of starting to smoke, we have found that 75.48% of smokers started to smoke in their college life. This survey found that smokers were more comfortable to smoke at local parks/reserves, university, sports field & outdoor seating areas of cafes.
Smoking Frequency
Smoker participants were asked about their smoking frequency. And our study has shown (table 1) that most of the cigarette smokers (33.99%) smoke 7-10 times per day which is very alarming.
Common attitudes towards smoking
In these survey we found (table 2) that smokers thought that they are popular, tough looking, grown up people due to their smoking habit. They also claimed that they find smoking enjoyable, relaxing and tension releasing matter.
Regulation of smoking
This survey asked people about regulation of smoking and people expressed their opinion based on standard questionnaire which is shown in table 3. Maximum of the participants (75.37%) agreed that anti-smoking information should be highlighted to the common people.
Knowledge of smoking related problems
This survey questioned about harmful effects of smoking. We found it astonishing that maximum of the participants were known to the harmful effects of smoking like, smoking causes cancer, damages lungs, create breathing problems and so on.
CONCLUSION
Smoking itself is like a disease to mankind due to its widespread harmful effects. In our study we found that people tend to smoke ignoring its harmful effects. It was shocking to see that majority of the participants in our study were smokers. Nowadays smokers are everywhere in all social classes and gender. To regulate smoking we need to establish smoke-free environment policies; increase the price of tobacco products; applying comprehensive laws to regulate and enforce bans on sales, purchases, and consumption of tobacco products by underage youth; and impose regulations on content, labeling, promotion, and advertising of tobacco products. And it is also essential to target mass media campaigns to create massive awareness among children, young adults as well as parents to make a better world for humankind and for the environment too.
Conflict of Interests
None declared.
Financial Support:
None
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh, for technical support.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2624http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=26241. McKee SA, Hinson R, Rounsaville D, Petrelli P, Survey of subjective effects of smoking while drinking among college students, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2004;6(1):111-117.
2. Rigotti NA, Lee JE, Wechsler H, US college students’ use of tobacco products: Results of a national survey, The Journal of the American Medication Association, 2000; 284:699-705.
3. Thun MJ, Apicella LF, Henley SJ, Smoking vs. other risk factors as the cause of smoking-attributable deaths: confounding in the courtroom, Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 284:706-712.
4. Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr., Changes in mortality from smoking in two American Cancer Society prospective studies since 1959, Preventive Medicine, 1997; 26(4):422-426.
5. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I, Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years observations on male British doctors, British Medical Journal, 1994; 309:911-918.
6. Barendregt JJ, Bonneux L, van der Maas PJ, The health care costs of smoking. New England Journal of Medicine, 1997; 337:1052-1057.
7. Warner KE, Hodgson TA, Carroll CE, Medical costs of smoking in the United States: estimates, their validity and their implications, Tobacco Control, 1999;8: 290–300.
8. Frost PH, Davis BR, Burlando AJ, Curb JD, Guthrie GP, Isaacsohn JL, et al., Coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women aged 60 years: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program, Circulation, 1996; 94:26-34.
9. Yuan JM, Ross R, Wang XL, Gao YT, Henderson BE, Yu MC, Morbidity and mortality in relation to cigarette smoking in Shanghai, China: a prospective male cohort study, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1996; 275(21):1646-1650.
10. Cook NR, Evans DA, Scherr PA, Speizer FE, Vedal S, Branch LG, et al., Peak expiratory flow rate in an elderly population, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989; 130(1):66-78.
11. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011: warning about the dangers of tobacco. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006.
13. Wetter DW, Smith SS, Baker TB, Smoking outcome expectancies: Factor structure, predictive validity, and discriminant validity, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1994; 103, 801-811.
14. Chassin L, Presson CC, Sherman SJ, Edwards DA, Four pathways to young-adult smoking status: Adolescent social-psychological antecedents in a midwestern community sample, Health Psychology, 1991; 10 409-418.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411116EnglishN2019August17HealthcareEvaluation of Levels of Physical Activity among Students of S. S. Agrawal Institute of Physiotherapy and Medical Care Education
English0508Darshana NariyaEnglish Simrankaur SangtaniEnglish Prachi ShahEnglish Dhruvi PatelEnglishObjectives: To evaluate the levels of physical activity among the physiotherapy students of S.S. Agrawal Institute of Physiotherapy and Medical Care Education.
Methods: The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002. By using it cross-sectional analysis of 130 physiotherapy students aging 18-22 years was conducted in order to assess levels of Physical Activity (PA). Informed consent was taken priorly, data was collected & analysis was done.
Results: Out of 130 students 10% subjects were having vigorous PA. 58% subjects were having moderate PA. 68% subjects were having low PA. Out of 130 subjects 47% were normal, 30% underweight, 16% over-weight & 6% were obese.
Conclusion: This result shows that 68% subjects were found to have low PA. 16% were over-weight and 6% were obese. There is need to encourage them because they are the ones who are going to provide major advice for physical activities to the patients, so they must be physically active first and it is necessary to further prevent other non-communicable diseases.
EnglishPhysical Activity, Physiotherapy Students, Physical Activity Assessment, BMI, NCDsIntroduction
We are facing a phase of continuously increasing NCDs (non-communicable diseases) associated with sedentary lifestyle and obesity which continues to persist throughout adulthood1. Present study was conducted with the objective to measure levels physical activity among physiotherapy students by using Global Physical Activity Questioner (GPAQ), is an instrument for measuring the levels of physical activity done by an individual, has been a confirmed source of evaluation and analysis put forward by WHO1. College is a time of great change for young adults. Newly found independence allows the college student to make decisions and choices by his or herself and one of the most important decisions a college student may make is how to incorporate physical activity (PA) into a busy lifestyle1. Because students are the ones who are going to provide major advice for physical activities to the patients, they must be physically active first. Due to overload of the curriculum there may be a chance of decreased level of physical activity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the physical activity among the students of Physiotherapy College.
Benefits of Physical Activity:
Reduces the risk of chronic disease occurence.1
Obesity reduction.1
Enhanced cognitive function.2
Enhanced body image and self esteem.2
Reduce, help and manage cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus.3
Building strong muscles and bones.4
Prevents unhealthy weight gain.1,2,4,6,7
Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Youth:
These are recently developed guidelines which target children and youth that they should involve at least 60 min of physical activity daily and they should be encouraged to reduce time in sedentary activities and behavior and increased amount of sedentary activities may lead to increase risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity.1
Reasons for Physical Inactivity:
70% of young population does not have regular physical activity i.e.; 16-20 years. The most often reasons for physical inactivity may be thought as:
Too many responsibilities at academic level3
Lack of time3
Lack of interest is the additional factors3.
Obese children and adolescents are main characteristics barrier of a low PA and along with that parental influences can also determine the amount of physical activity done7,8.
Materials and Methods:
The cross-sectional analysis of students of S.S. Agrawal College of physiotherapy, Navsari was done using conventional method. We selected physiotherapy students to check their level of physical activity from 130 samples in which113 subjects were females and 17 subjects were male of age 18 to 22 years. For this investigation we moved toward the participants exclusively just as in gatherings, earlier consent was taken and intention of study was explained. According to that demographic data was collected on the basis of which BMI was calculated and after that GPAQ was explained and filled by students.
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)
WHO developed GPAQ for assessing physical activity in countries around the world. It was mainly developed to be used in developing countries it checks physical activities in different domains like work, transportation, recreation and amount of time spent in sedentary activities. According to questionnaire from the total of 130 subjects each one was asked individually each question and then metabolic equivalent (MET) was calculated in min/week.9 Table 1 shows classification of levels of physical activity in GPAQ1. Total physical activity MET-minutes/week (= the sum of the total MET minutes of activity computed for each setting).
Equation: Total Physical Activity = [(P2 * P3 * 8) + (P5 * P6 * 4) + (P8 * P9 * 4) + (P11 * P12 * 8) + (P14 * P15* 4)]1
Statistical Method
The data were calculated using SPSS 24.0 version.
Data was presented as mean; standard deviation (SD) describes the demographic data of the subjects. Frequency and percentage were calculated for levels of physical activity and categories of BMI.
Results
Out of 130 students 52.3% were having low PA, 40% moderate PA, 7.6% high PA. Out of 130 students 30% were underweight, 47% were normal 16% were over-weight & 6 % were obese.
Discussion
The study was conducted among Physiotherapy students of S. S. Agrawal Institute of Physiotherapy & Medical Care Education, Navsari. By using GPAQ scoring for calculating physical activity across the domains of work, transport & recreational, out of sample size of 130 subjects, 68 (52.3%) subjects were found to have low physical activity, 52 (40%) subjects were having moderate physical activity, 10 (7.6%) subjects were having vigorous physical activity.
Out of 130 subjects, 39 (30%) subjects were found to have underweight, 62 (47%) subjects were found to have normal BMI, 21 (16%) subjects were overweight & 8 (6%) subjects were obese. In one of the studies which compared physical activity level in hostellers & day schoolers, hostellers had significantly lesser physical activity than day schooler in transport & recreational domain (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=2625http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=26251. Shah H, Dhami H, Shah T. assessment of physical activity level in female students of residential college using global physical activity questionnaire: A CROSS sectional analysis. International Journal of Current Research. 2016: 8(13):13-24.
2. Taliaferro LA, Rienzo BA, Pigg RM, Miller MD, Dodd VJ. Associations between physical activity and reduced rates of hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among college students. Journal of American College Health.2009; 57(4):427-436.
3. Allison KR, Dwyer JJ, Makin S. Perceived barriers to physical activity among high school students. Preventive Medicine. 1999; 28(6):608-615.
4. Corbin CB. Physical activity for children: A statement of guidelines for children ages 5-12. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. 2004
5. Department of Health and Aging. Australia’s Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Young People. 2005
6. Bates H. Daily Physical Activity for Children and Youth: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. 2006
7. Antshel KM, Anderman EM. Social influences on sports participation during adolescence. Journal of Research & Development in Education. 2000; (33): 85-94.
8. Anderssen N, Wold B. Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1992; 63(4): 341-348.
9. WHO recommendation; World Health Organization. WHO Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
10. King KA, Vidourek RA, English L, Merianos AL. Vigorous physical activity among college students: using the health belief model to assess involvement and social support. Archives of Exercise in Health and Disease. 2013; 4(2): 267-279.
11. Khera R, Sharma R. Physical inactivity among college students is associated with living in hostels: a study from Delhi, India. Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health. 2012 ;( 15): 83-84.
12. Mane KS, Maganalli A, Siddiqua Nawaz A. A comparative study on awareness about non-communicable diseases and their risk factors among government and private high school students of Davangere city. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 2016;
5(10): 2026-2030.
13. Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby. Therapeutic exercise- foundations and techniques. 6th ed. 2013. p. 986.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-52411116EnglishN2019August17Life SciencesToxicological Effects of Arsenic Trioxide Exposure on Haematolical Profile in Catfish, Clarias batrachus
English0912Mohnish PichhodeEnglish S. GaherwalEnglishIn modern age, Arsenic is a major environmental pollutant and exposure occurs through agricultural, environmental, medicinal and occupational sources. The toxicity of arsenic trioxide has been shown in catfish, Clarias batrachus and the data suggest that the inorganic forms of arsenic showing the highest toxicity level.
Aim and Objectives: To study the complete blood count of control and arsenic trioxide affected Clarias batrachus, and provide an overview on arsenic and heavy metal toxicity.
Methodology: All 50 fishes (10 in control group and 40 in experimental group) were selected for haematological studies and blood samples collected from cardiac puncture for the next 96 hours in the interval of 24 hours.
Results: The result of present study indicate that the RBC, Hb, Platelets, PCV, MCV and MCH value were decreased, fluctuation in differential leucocytes count and increased in the number of WBC due to effect of arsenic trioxide.
Conclusion: Haemopoietic cells and their activities were decreased due to arsenic contamination. The higher number of white blood cell counts represent some abnormalities due to physical stress, damage or infection in body tissues and leukaemia also. The present investigation indicates that arsenic trioxide exposure may affect the haematological profiles.
EnglishArsenic trioxide, Clarias batrachus, RBC, WBC, Hb, Platelets, PCV, MCV and MCHINTRODUCTION
The heavy metals are toxic substance when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental situations. Heavy metal toxicity define as an overabundance of required amount or it is unwanted which were found naturally on earth, and still concentrated as a result of anthropogenic activities, entering in the animal, plant and human tissues via inhalation, diet and handling and interfere with the working of vital cellular components [1,2]. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an effective compound in India which is contaminated with arsenic [3].
Knowledge of the acute toxicity of a heavy metal like arsenic helps in predicting and preventing acute damage to aquatic life in receiving waters. In addition, this information is useful to regulate toxic waste discharges [4]. Most of the data on the effects of arsenic on fish are based on acute toxicity tests that measure fish mortality over 96 hrs. Some studies have also examined sub-lethal effects such as growth, avoidance behaviour, and fertilization/hatching [5]. Many types of fish which are affected by arsenic contaminants have suffered to breathing due to blocking of gills by coagulated mucous film and damage of blood vessels, resulting in vascular collapse in the gills. Arsenic has been described to cause sloughing of external epidermal layers, including gills, leading to the coughing reflex which has been observed during exposures [6].
Arsenic trioxide bio accumulates in various organs like tissue, kidney, liver etc. Blood parameters have been widely employed as patho physiological indicators to diagnose the structural and functional status of fishes exposed to a variety of toxicants [7]. Haematological report like red blood corpuscles (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood corpuscles (WBC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) have regularly been used to assess the toxicity of arsenic trioxide in blood as well as an indicator of metal pollution in aquatic environment [8]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Animal- The healthy catfish Clarias batrachus were used as an experimental animal and it was collected from local fish market of Indore and acclimatized in the laboratory for one week.
Test Chemical- The analytical grade arsenic trioxide (As2O3) (CAS No.: 1327-53-3) (Anhydrous) with 98% purity was taken from Spectrum chemical mfg. corp., Mumbai, India and used without further purification for the experiment.
Determination of LC50 Value of Arsenic trioxide- To determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of arsenic trioxide, fish (Clarias batrachus) were randomly selected from the stock and exposed to different concentrations of arsenic trioxide in different tanks. Ten fish were kept in each tank and water was replaced daily with fresh arsenic trioxide mixed water to maintain a constant level of arsenic trioxide during the exposure period. The mortality or survival of fish was observed at the end of 24 hours and the concentration at which 50% mortality of fish occurred was taken as the lethal concentration (LC50)[9].
Collection of Blood Sample- The blood collected by disposable syringe and needles from cardiac puncture of Clarias batrachus and kept in sterilized appropriate vials then processed for various haematological analyses [10].
Experimental Design- In the present investigation experimental fishes were divided into two groups. Ten (10) fishes were kept in control group and exposed to normal water and in experimental group forty (40) fishes were exposed to concentration of arsenic trioxide at different time intervals.
Experimental Duration- In both control and experimental group fishes were exposed to maximum 96 hours.
Haematological Analysis- RBC, WBC, platelets, PCV, MCV and MCH were counted by Haemocytometer method [11]. Hb concentrations were estimated by Sahil’s method [12], differential leucocyte count by Leishmann method [13].
RESULTS
LC50 Value (96 hours)- In the present study the 96 hours LC50 value of arsenic trioxide to Clarias batrachus was estimated and found to be 84 mg/l.
Haematological Estimation- Haematological estimation of control and arsenic trioxide treated fishes were completed in the present experiment. The haematological parameters were RBC, total WBC, DLC (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Basophils and Monocytes), Haemoglobin, Platelets, PCV, MCV and MCH.
In control group haematological values were, RBC (3.53 million/cmm), total WBC (106.80 x103/cmm), Hb (10.64 g/dl), Neutrophils (2.18%), Eosinophils (5.32%), Lymphocytes (93.12%), Basophils (0.82%), Monocytes (6.00%), Platelets (162 cells/cmm), PCV (33.36%), MCV (126.20 fl) and MCH (38.64 pg).
In experimental group haematological values were at the 24 hrs. RBC (3.39 million/cmm), total WBC (122.43 x103/cmm), Hb (10.32 g/dl), Neutrophils (3.06%), Eosinophils (4.84%), Lymphocytes (94.82%), Basophils (0.78%), Monocytes (6.70%), Platletes (141.20 cells/cmm), PCV (32.72%), MCV (128.40 fl) and MCH (37.80 pg).
Moreover, in the present investigation at the 48 hrs. haematological values were RBC (2.71 million/cmm), total WBC (126.64 x103/cmm), Hb (9.96 g/dl), Neutrophils (3.40%), Eosinophils (4.74%), Lymphocytes (96.10%), Basophils (0.78%), Monocytes (7.14%), Platletes (134.60 cells/cmm) , PCV (30.48%) , MCV (120.4 fl ) and MCH (36.34 pg).
At the 72 hrs. haematological values were RBC (2.58 million/cmm), total WBC (132.18 x103/cmm), Hb (9.60 g/dl), Neutrophils (1.42%), Eosinophils (4.66%), Lymphocytes (97.44%), Basophils (0.76%), Monocytes (5.28%), Platelets (128.80 cells/cmm) , PCV (28.18%), MCV (117.60 fl) and MCH (33.32 pg).
At the last at 96 hrs. haematological values were RBC (2.37 million/cmm), total WBC (106.50 x103/cmm), Hb (8.68 g/dl), Neutrophils (1.28%), Eosinophils (3.92%), Lymphocytes (90.42%), Basophils (0.72%), Monocytes (4.92%), Platelets (127.20 cells/cmm) , PCV (21.80%), MCV (114.20 fl) and MCH (31.50 pg).
In the present experimental investigation due to effect of arsenic trioxide RBC, Hb, Eosinophils, Basophils, Platelets, PCV, MCV and MCH value were decreased as compared to control value at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Total WBC, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes values were increased at 24, 48, 72 hours and then decreased at 96 hours. Monocytes were also increased at 24 and 48 hours and then decreased at 72 and 96 hours as compared to control value. The effect and variation on haematological values of control and arsenic trioxide treated fish were represented by graph.
Graph 1: Showing haematological changes in Clarias batrachus due to arsenic trioxide
DISCUSSION
In the present investigation showed that the LC50 value of arsenic trioxide to the Clarias batrachus was found to be 84 mg/l indicating that the arsenic trioxide is toxic for fish.
The activity of haemopoietic cells and their activities were decreased due to arsenic contamination. The decreased volume of erythrocytes, concentration of haemoglobin and serum total proteins also reduced metabolic activities in fish exposed to arsenic trioxide. The blood parameters and haematopoietic system are considered good bio monitors for monitoring pathophysiological status of organisms exposed to different toxicants [14].
The basic function of WBC is regulation of immunological function, maintenance and their numbers increase as a supportive and protective response in fish to stress. High white blood cell count indicates damage due to severe physical stress, infection of body tissues and as well as leukaemia. Leukocytes are involved in the control of immunological activity and the changes in WBC counts after continuous toxicant exposure may express decrease in non-specific immunity in the fish. Mostly increased number of WBC in fish exposed to lethal and chronic doses express Leucocytosis. The white blood cell counts were found increased by arsenic trioxide exposure in present experimental investigation [15].
The decreased values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration interpreted as an incapability of the haematopoietic system to produce haemoglobin, with inflammation of the erythrocytes. The abnormalities of MCV and MCHC parameters are indicative of anaemia, when decreased values of MCV known as microcytic anaemia due to effect of arsenic which is validate by decreased values of RBC counts, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. MCV, MCH and PCV were also decreased in number by acute effect of arsenic trioxide in the present investigation [16].
The result of present study indicate that the RBC, Hb, Platelets, PCV, MCV and MCH value were decreased, fluctuation in Differential leucocytes count and increased in the number of WBC due to effect of arsenic trioxide (84 mg/l).
CONCLUSION
In the aquatic fauna, fish appears to be particularly susceptible to toxicity of arsenic as they are continually exposed to it through gills and intake of arsenic-contaminated food. The result of present study indicates that this is a primary warning that needs to be understood, and reduce the use of pesticides such as arsenic compounds so that fish and their population can live independently in a healthy way and the aquatic environment remains balanced.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful and grateful to Head, Department of zoology, Government Holkar Science College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India for the scientific and intellectual support during experiment. The authors are also thankful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Source of Funding: Nil
Conflict of Interest: Nil
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