Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29General SciencesLICHEN DIVERSITY OF KARGIL TOWN AND ITS ADJOINING AREAS, J & K
English0104Ali RahimEnglish Anil K. RainaEnglish Asma HussanEnglishThe present study involves an investigation into the biodiversity of Lichens in the Kargil district of Ladakh Division of Jammu and Kashmir State situated in the North of India. The study was promulgated to get some idea about the diversity and distribution pattern of lichens as this area is poorly explored yet. A total of 25 lichen species were collected from six (6) different sites belonging to 13 genera and 8 families. The crustose lichens showed marked dominance represented by 17 species followed by foliose represented by 8 species. Sanko and Kako-shilikchey record maximum number of 16 and 12 lichen species respectively. The whole data lead to formulate a naturality judgement that though the present record of lichen species may appear to be less but keeping in view the extreme climatic conditions and poor, degraded vegetative cover of landscape, this number may be considered good and the area may be regarded as lichen rich area.
EnglishLichens, Kargil, Diversity, DominanceINTRODUCTION
Lichens are an outstanding group of symbiotic organisms exploiting wide range of diverse habitats. Lichens consisting of two unrelated organisms, a fungus and algae are perennial, stable, long living and highly sensitive. It is often difficult and expensive to measure environmental parameters of an ecosystem, while it is easier and more convenient to measure the signal from a specific indicator and use it for estimating environmental condition. Here the role of Lichens comes into play as lichens are considered as excellent biomonitors and indicators of environmental change (Will- Wolf et al. 2002a). Maps of lichen biodiversity or abundance enable identification of areas with different levels of disturbance. Lichen biodiversity is also sensitive to abiotic variables related to macro- and microclimatic variations. Regarding macroclimatic variations, we can consider changes in temperature, precipitation, geomorphology, and soil chemistry (Brunialti and Giordani, 2003). These variations must, however, be considered when comparing lichen biodiversity data from different geographical areas or even within the same area but with significantly different abiotic variables (Giordani et al., 2001; Brunalti and Giordani, 2003). Though rich in diversity of lichens, Jammu and Kashmir State has yet to be explored systematically for the lichen species to fully understand their distribution pattern and also the ecological significance in the ecosystem. The main purposes of the present work was to contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity and distribution of lichens species with respect to Kargil district in Ladakh Division of Jammu and Kashmir state. The studied area i.e. Kargil district in Ladakh Division is a mountainous, cold desert, snow bound and sparsely vegetated. It occupies unique position in the country because of its altitude which ranges from 2000-7000 meters above mean sea level. The studies related to lichens are scanty in Ladakh. Keeping this fact under consideration and thus to fulfill our purpose collections were made from six different sites of Kargil district; Site-I: Sodh (Alt.- 2700mt), Site-II: Kako-Shilikchey (Alt- 2900mt), Site-III: Sankoo (Alt- 2800mt), Site-IV: Skamboo (Alt- 2850mt), Site-V: Kurbathang (Alt- 2900mt) and Site-VI: Mangbore (Alt- 2850mt) The locations surveyed within the district exhibit distinct variation in attitude.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The lichen collections were made from all kinds of substratum tree trunks, rocks and soil. Along with lichen collection the details of locality and substratum were also recorded. The specimens were identified by studying the morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The recent literature of Awasthi (1988, 1991 and 2000), Upreti (1988), Divakar (2001) and Nayaka (2004) was consulted for identification of most of the lichen taxa. The morphology of taxa was studied under stereo-zoom binocular microscope. Anatomical details of thallus and fruiting bodies were studied in free hand sections with water as mounting medium under compound microscope. The colour spot tests were carried out on cortex and medulla with the usual chemical reagents, such as aqueous potassium hydroxide (K), Steiner’s stable para-phenylenediamine (PD) and calcium hypochlorite(C).Thin layer chromatography was performed by the methods of Culberson (1972), Walker and James(1980) for lichen substances.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The diversity, distribution and optimum growth of lichens is affected by number of factors such as consistent availability of water, sunlight, moderate to cold temperature, unpolluted atmosphere, wind current, absence of biotic interferences and type of substratum. The lichen community of study area i.e Kargil district forms in general three types of special assemblages, species growing on tree trunks (Corticolous), on the rocks (Saxicolous) and on soil (Terricolous). A total of 25 species belonging to 13 genera and 8 families were enumerated from the area (Table-1). Out of these, 19 species are saxicolous whereas 4 are corticolous and 2 are terricolous. The abundance of saxicolous may be attributed to topography of the region which is mountainous with little or no vegetation cover and the area is also prone to soil erosion.The close proximity of water provides excellent moist habitat for the growth of many saxicolous lichen taxa that outnumber other types of lichen types. The lesser number of lichen species at site Site IV, Site V, and Site VI can be attributed to arid condition, high wind currents and comparatively more distance from water bodies .The sites rise directly exposed to sunlight. While on rest of sites i.e Site I , Site II, and Site III the high diversity and density can be due to close proximity with water , presence of shady places under huge rocks and short duration of sunlight exposure. Two growth forms of lichens– Crustose and Foliose represent the present study area. Out of these crustose represented by 17 species (68%) have marked dominance over foliose lichen represented by 8 species (32%). The members of family Lecanoraceae dominate the area followed by family Teloschinaceae and Acarosporaceae which were subsequently followed by family Hymeneliaceae and Verrucariaceae respectively. This record of lichen species may appear to be less but keeping in view the climatic conditions and poor, degraded and homogeneous vegetative cover of landscape, this number may be considered good and the area may be regarded as lichen rich area.
CONCLUSION
Thus it was clear from the study, that the occurrence of 25 lichen species can be attributed to topography of the region that provides feasible conditions for diverse lichen growth and survival. The present communication thus serves as baseline record regarding the level for conducting biomonitoring studies in future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Director, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and Head, Department of Environmental Science, University of Jammu, Jammu for providing necessary laboratory facilities.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1230http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12301. Awasthi, D.D. 1988. A key to the Macrolichens of India and Nepal. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 65:207- 303.
2. Awasthi, D.D. 1991. A key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (Suppl.) 40: 1-337.
3. Awasthi, D.D. 2000. Lichenology in Indian Subcontinent. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
4. Brunialti, G. and Giordani, P., 2003: Variability of lichen diversity in a climatically heterogeneous area (Liguria, NW Italy), Lichenologist 35, 55–69.
5. Culberson, W. L. 1972. Improved condition and new data for identification of lichen product by a standardized thin layer chromatography method. Journal of chromatography. 72: 113-125.
6. Divakar, P.K. 2001. Revisionary studies on the lichen genus Parmelia sensu lato india. Ph.D. Thesis, Lucknow University, India.
7. Giordani, P., Brunialti, G., and Modensi, P., 2001: Applicability of the lichen biodiversity method (L.B.) to a Mediterranean area (Liguria, northwest Italy), Cryptogamie, Micologie 22, 193–208.
8. Nayaka, S. 2004. Revisionary studies on the lichen genus Lecanora sensu lato in India. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr R.M.L Avadh University Faizabad, India.
9. Upreti, D. K. 1988. A new species of lichen genus Phylliscum from India. Curr.Sci., 57(6):906- 907.
10. Walker, F.J. & James, P.W. 1980. A revised guide to the michrochemical technique for the identification of lichen products. Bull. Brit. Lich. Soc. 46: 13-29.
11. Will-Wolf, S. 1980. Structure of corticolous lichen communities before and after exposure to emissions from a clean coal fired power generating station. Bryologist, 83:281-295.
12. Will-Wolf, S., Scheidegger, C. and MacCune, B., 2002a. Methods for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem function. In: Nimis P.L., Scheidegger C. and Wolseley P. A. (eds), Monitoring with Lichens- Monitoring Lichens. Kluwer Accademic Publishers, Dordrecht 147- 162.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29General SciencesCOMPARATIVE MOLECULAR MODELING STUDY OF BINDING OF MITOXANTRONE WITH D-(ATCGAT)2 AND D-(CTCGAG)2 HEXAMER DNA SEQUENCES
English0515Shilpa DograEnglish Pamita AwasthiEnglish Ritu BarthwalEnglishMitoxantrone (MTX) - 1, 4–dihydroxy–5, 8–bis [[2–[2–hydroxyethyl) amino] amino]–9, 10–anthracenedione is, clinically well established anthracycline class of anticancer drug. Till today no structural details confirm the interaction of mitoxantrone with its receptor site i.e. DNA Although it has been proposed and confirmed that drug binds to DNA specifically at 5’-CpG-3’ site and flanking sequences play an important role. Also, functional group present on the tricyclic aromatic chromophore plays vital role in interactions. Molecular modeling tool has been applied to study binding interaction of mitoxantrone (MTX) with two hexameric DNA sequences i.e d-(ATCGAT)2, d-(CTCGAG)2 . The electrostatic interactions play a vital role in sequence specific identification at receptor site. Study indicates the partial intercalation of mitoxantrone into 5’-CpG-3’ base pair step while side chains at 5, 8 position interacts with backbone phosphate group futher stabilizes the complex. The conformation flexibility of the minimized complex is studied by backbone torsional angle as well helical parameters. It has been seen that MTX exhibit sequence specific binding. It is n+1, n+2, n+3/n-1, n-2/n-3 base pairs play important role in binding process. Studies propose the partial intercalation mode of binding.
Englishmolecular modeling, DNA, mitoxantrone, hexamer sequencesINTRODUCTION
Mitoxantrone (MTX), a synthetic anthraquinone drug (Fig. 1), exhibit considerable promise as an antitumor agent in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, advanced breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas1 . Preferential accumulation of mitoxantrone in nucleoli, binding of the drug to chromatin and to cytoplasmic RNA, high affinity for DNA and RNA in solution, all points out to the fact that both DNA transcription as well as RNA processing is influenced by the drug2, 3. Number of mechanisms of MTX action involving formation of MTX-DNA complexes have been proposed, including trapping of the topII complex, aggregation and compaction of chromatin4-7 . The DNA-MTX-topII cleavable complex is a reversible molecular event. It leads to cell death probably due to halting ongoing cellular processes, which ultimately trigger of the cell death program7 . Another type of DNA damage arises probably by the formation of free radicals by MTX8 . Evidence for intercalative binding mode of mitoxantrone to DNA has been reported by electron microscopy study9,10. It is very well established from several physiochemical techniques that the intercalation of mitoxantrone with cellular DNA contributes significantly towards its cytotoxic action10-13 , however the exact mode of DNA interaction at present is unclear. The experimental studies confirmed its biological effects via intercalation at 5’-CpG-3’ site on DNAs followed by electrostatic cross links with DNA backbone to stabilize the process13-15. Recently Phillips et al. reported that the cytosine methylation enhances mitoxantrone-DNA adduct formation and also the 3-fold enhancement in transcriptional blockage at methylated site16 . Intercalative mode of binding of mitoxantrone to DNA has been proposed via 1H and 31P NMR studies13, 17-20. Further, computational studies indicates the pyrimidine (3’-5’) purine step for preferential intercalation site for drug21. It is dispersion energy and electrostatic interaction which contribute towards the stability of complex22. Therefore, this is an important area of interest to understand the structural factors at atomic level which control the chemical recognition process via MTX at DNA. Structural tools such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy coupled with molecular modeling technique have made considable impact on our understanding of molecular basis of drug-DNA interactions. Therefore, in this research article we propose molecular modeling study of mitoxantrone with oligonuclotide sequences i.e d-(ATCGAT)2 and d-(CTCGAG)2 using MOE (molecular operating environment software tool). Our approach is to understand the molecular interactions at atomic level as proposed by various groups and further confirm the same via experimental tool. This piece of work is a part of research program undergoing our labortary on drug-DNA interaction study. Results of the present study is complied in the form of total interaction energy and structural conformation of drug as well as DNA before and after binding. We are in progress of solving the detailed structural parameters involved during MTX-DNA interactions by IH and 31P NMR tool which will be repoted subsequently.
COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY
Molecular operating environment (MOE) from chemical computing group, Montréal, Canada has been used for MTX-oligonucleotide interaction study. X3DNA software (downloaded from www.rutchem.rutgers.edu) has been applied for conformational analysis and vizulization of oligonucleotide sequences before and after simulations. All the simulations has been carried out on SunBlade 2500 workstation load with Sun Solaris operating system. Models of d(ATCGAT)2 d-(CTCGAG)2 has been generated using “Create Sequence” panel of Builder module. Similarly Builder and Editor module is applied for construction of mitoxantrone model followed by energy minimization protocol to set up atomic coordinates with least potential energy. Non-linear optimization technique is used to determine the atomic position. MMFF94x force field is used for potential set up on atoms23 . ETotal = Estr + Eang + Estb + Eoop + Etor + Evdw + Eele + Esol +Eres All bonded, Van Der Waal’s, electrostatic and restrained energy forms were enabled. Distance dependant dielectric constant was fixed at 1.0 alongwith cut off value for non-bonding interactions at 8.0. The temperature of the medium was keep at 300 K through out as explicit water salvation model has been followed in order to impass realistic approach. All bonds involving hydrogen atoms and lone pairs are constrained and all water molecules have been treated as rigid bodies. NVT (where N = number of particles, V = volume, T = Temprature) statistical ensamble has been specified for molecular dynamics simulations. Duration of simulations was fixed as 100 ps with 0.5 ps time step. In totality 200 structures were saved at regular interval of 0.5 ps. The trajectory of 200 structure were saved in dynamics trajectory database (*mdb). Data base browser of the MOE software used to visualize the trajectory. Same protocol is followed for all molecules i.e oligonucleotide alone as well as complex. Minimum energy conformations of DNA alone as well as in complex mode with MTX has been chosen for further analysis. The interaction energy (E_I.E) of both the complxes is calculated using24 , 25 eq. (1) E_I.E = E_T.E – (E_drug + E_Oligo) Where E_T.E = total potential energy of the complex, E_drug = energy term for mitoxantrone and E_Oligo = energy term for oligonucleotide sequences. Focus on E_tor, E_vdw and E_electrostatic as they are considered to be major contributors towards interaction between MTX and oligohexanucleotide. The conformational changes at structure of oligonucleotide before and after simulation in alone and complex mode has been studied deeply via X3DNA software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Drug-DNA Binding Study Energy profile and H-bonding interaction study The comparative energy analysis of binding of MTX to DNA hexamer sequences i.e d(ATCGAT)2 and d-(CTCGAG)2 has been carried out. MTX has been allowed to place itself at 5’- C3pG4-3’ base pair step at both hexamer DNA sequences. The total energy, interaction energy and other fragment of energy i.e torsion energy and van der waal’s energy has been tabulated in Table 1. The total energy of both the hexameric sequences goes more negative upon binding to MTX which demonstrate the stabilization of complexes. Rise in interaction energy up to 143.54 kcal/mol has been observed in case of MTX-CTCGAG complex. Not much of the difference could be seen in case E_vdw while E_tor is on rise and E_elc. is going more negative in case of MTX- CTCGAG complex (Table 1). Hydrogen bonding/electrostatic interactions between MTX and oligonucleotide are an important area of study. We have observed few common and some additional interaction between drug atoms and DNA bases. Common interaction site for both the complexes is phosphate group at T2pC3 and T3pC9 steps where as in MTXATCGAT complex, 12NH at side arm of MTX forming hydrogen bond with N7 of G4 residue while 1OH group of MTX is interacting oxygen atom of sugar molecule at G4 base (Fig. 2). This observation is in accordance to the experimental results based on DNA foot printing study confirms the role played by 1OH/4OH groups at C1 and C4 position of anthraquinone chromophore in recognition of preffered nucleotide sequences and further flanking base pairs at n+1/n-1 or n+2/n-2 do play role in recognition26. On replacing A1 base by C1 in case of d-(CTCGAG)2 hexameric sequences, though interaction energy going up which means gap between drug-DNA is on rise. Rise in gap leads to destabilization of the complex and at the same time important interaction between 1OH at C1 with base pair sugar molecules is also missing. But if we go through the energy profile i.e E_tor which is on rise while E_elc is coming down in comparison to MTX- ATCGAT complex. Conformational changes in DNA Sequence specific protein/ligand interactions with DNA unambiguously depends upon the DNA conformation/configuration i.e DNA base pairs, flanking sequences, sugar-phosphate backbone etc. This explains the relative significance/ importance of each of these interactions on the structure and function of DNA. We have chosen two oligonucleotide and observed the difference in interactions energy and also interms of interatomic interaction in complex using semiempicical model. Idea is to explore the difference in change in DNA conformations at sugarphosphate backbone, inter-intra base pair interactions. DNA Backbone torsional angle study Backbone torsional angles for d-(ATCGAT)2, d(CTCGAG)2 (alone) and MTX-ATCGAT, MTXCTCGAG complexes has been analyzed using X3DNA software. Torsion angles along the backbone of the oligonucleotide are defined as P – α- O5’ – β- C5’ – γ- C4’ – δ- C3’ – ε- O3’ – ζ- P and χ is glycosyl angle. For a nucleotide in a BDNA conformation, the phosphate groups are normally found in gauche, gauche (g,g) conformation, whereas after interacting with drug molecules they transform into gauche, trains (g,t) conformation. This transition from g,g to g,t on intercalation of drug chromophore is associated with opening of adjacent base pairs at intercalation site. It is observed in the complex of MTX- ATCGAT, angle alpha (α) through zeta (ζ) show variations with base residues. The angle α varies in a range -50? to -90? except for A11 residue where value has been increased to trans conformation. The angle beta (β) shows appreciable variations and adopts trans conformation for all the residues. The variation of gamma (γ) is in the range 50-82? and adopt gauche+ conformation for all the residues. Delta (δ) angle, which is known to be correlated with sugar pucker remain in the region C2’-endo pucker having value ~150? except for T12 and C9 residues. Epsilon (ε) angle adopt trans conformation except for G10 residue where value is found to be gauche- conformation. Zeta (ζ) angle show fluctuations from B-DNA structure and large variation has been observed for T2 and G4 residues. Sugar pucker and glycosidic torsional angles are typical parameters that define the geometry of nucleotide. It is observed the glycosidic angle (χ) are in medium anti conformation range for C3/G10 and G4/C9 residues whereas for all other residues it is in high anti range as typically found in B-DNA27 . The P value lies in the range of 116-190? while exception has been observed for T12 residue. C9 residue has minimum P value (116? ) while C3 residue has a maximum value (189? ). Overall Pseudorational phase angle adopts a favorable S conformation (Table 3). Similarly it has been observed in MTXCTCGAG complex, angle alpha (α) through zeta (ζ) show variations with base residues. Alpha (α) angle fall within the range of B-DNA with little flucuation in value has been observed for A5 residue. The angle beta (β) shows the variation specifically for middle residues, but overall it adopts trans conformation. Gamma (γ) value lies in the range of 50-67? and adopt gauche+ conformation, characteristic of B-DNA27 . Delta (δ) angle adopt trans conformation for all the residues and not much variation has been observed. Epsilon (ε) angle shows fluctuations at intercalation site i.e C3/G4. Exception behavior in Zeta (ζ) angle has been observed for terminal thymine residues i.e T2 and T8. Glycosidic angle (χ) is in medium anti conformation range and Pseudorational phase angle adopts a favorable S conformation for all the residues. Values for all the backbone torsional angles α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ as well as χ and P are near to B-DNA structure that means B-DNA geometry remain maintained throughout the simulations. Little variation in α i.e A1pT2:A11pT12 (trans) for d(ATCGAT)2 and C1pT2:A11pG12 (gauche) for d-(CTCGAG)2 respectively, ε at C3pG4:C9pG10 step is trans for d-(ATCGAT)2 and gauche for d(CTCGAG)2. Also ζ showed little fluctuation at both the nucleotides. Helicoidal Parameters The complete DNA conformation thus obtained has been described in terms of helicoidal parameters, which describe the conformation of the nucleotide pairs within the duplex. Intra base pair parameters shear, stretch, stagger, buckle, propeller and opening values for both complexes as calculated and compared to the B - DNA structure (Table 4). In MTX-ATCGAT complex, shear, stretch and stagger show significant variation and maximum deviation has been observed in the terminal base pairs. Buckling angle also shows variations and large buckling has been observed for above and below the intercalation site. Propeller and opening values also show fluctuations for all the base pairs. Maximum propeller value has been observed in terminal base pairs and on the other hand maximum opening value is observed at intercalation site. In MTX-CTCGAG complex, shear, stretch and stagger values show variation along the base steps. But not much deviation as in MTXATCGAT complex has been observed. Buckling angle show fluctuations and maximum buckling have been observed in terminal base pairs. This could be due to intercalation of MTX at the central base pair, affecting the flaking base pairs. Propeller and opening base also show fluctuations. But in this complex, opening value for central base pair is not much larger as in case of MTX-ATCGAT complex. Similarly inter base pair parameters shift, slide, rise, tilt, roll and twist values are tabulated (Table 5). In MTX-ATCGAT complex; shift does not show significant variation from B-DNA structure. Slide is maximum for central base pair step C3pG4:C9pG10 and minimum for terminal step. The rise per residue lie in the range of 3.2-4.0 A? except for a central base pair, it is 7.04 A? almost double to other base pair as expected for intercalation cavity. The tilt angle shows large fluctuations and maximum values are observed for T2pC3/G10pA11 step. The roll angle is negative for all the base pairs. The negative roll value indicates widening of major groove and narrowing of the minor groove. Twist angle for all the base pairs lie in between 30-37? except for T2pC3/G10pA11 step, here value is increased to ~50? . This means large negative roll value for T2pC3/G10pA11 step is compensated by large positive twist value. On the other hand in MTX- CTCGAG complex, shift and slide value show variations, maximum shift value is observed for C1pT2/A11pG12 step and maximum slide value is observed for central step C3pG4/C9pG10. Like that in MTXATCGAT complex, rise value for central step is also increased, almost double to the other base pair. This means that MTX make a cavity for intercalation. Variation has been observed for tilt and roll value. Twist value has been observed in between 30-38? , almost compatible with B-DNA. CONCLUSION It is well established that base pair stacking interactions as well as hydrogen bonding interactions between base pair, hydrophobichydrophillic interactios between sugar and phosphate backbone add on to the stability of the DNA and the interaction site for all proteins and ligands. 5’-pyrimidine-purine-3’ is well established intercalation site and 5’-CpG-3’ step is the confirmed step where mitoxantrone is considered to be steping in. Theoretically using semi-emperical mode of calculations, we propose that it is not only n+1 & n-1 step but n+2, n+3 & n-2, n-3 step do effect the binding process and dictates the binding mechanism and overall stability of the complex as suggested by Phillips et al. 2004. We have chosen two hexanucotides sequences i.e d-(ATCGAT)2 and d-(CTCGAG)2 where ‘TCGA’ step is common. Interestingly, before binding both the hexanucleotide sequences posses equal total potential energy. After interacting with mitoxantrone, d-(ATCGAT)2 sequence considred to be better over d(CTCGAG)2 sequence in terms of interactions energy. Conformational analysis of drug before and after explains two extended arms of drug fanning towards 5’ and 3’ end of the oligonucleotide sequence as proposed by NMR and other experimental models13,22. We allowed MTX molecule to move through major groove as major groove binding mode was proposed13,23. N2 and N7 position on guanine at intercalation site are very important for MTX interactions as it has been considered to be absolute requirement for MTX-DNA stable complex formation, experimentally. Mitoxantrone posses NH and OH functional groups which favours hydrogen bonding with hydrogen acceptor region at the DNA major and minor groove. Experimentally it is well explained the involvement of 12NH, 14OH, 1OH, 4OH and 11NH group of MTX with exocyclic amino, oxo and endocyclic hetero atoms at the intercalation cavity23 i.e CpG. On comparing the experimental data from literature and data generated from our model, it has been observed that terminal 14OH of the mitoxantrone show common hydrogen bond interactions with phosphate of T2PC3 step while 12NH-N7G4 and 1OH-O’G4 interactions are observed in d-(ATCGAT)2 complex. These two H-bonding interctaions has been observed experimentally as well20. Also Phillips et al. 2004 model proposes the same. Therefore, as per sequence dependence interactions, DNA conformation/configuration play major role towards this. To confirm this we carried out detail DNA conformational analysis. T2pC3/G10A11 is a common base pair step in both oligonucleotide sequences. Twist angle is 50.75? in case of d(ATCGAT)2 sequence, which is very high in comparison to B-DNA sequence. At the same time no such observation has been encountered in d-(CTCGAG)2 sequence. 14OH of mitoxantrone is interacting with phosphate group of T2pC3 step in both the sequences. As per quantum mechanical study on stacking interactions and the twist angle of the DNA variation in DNA twist parameters could be due to the stacking interactions involving steric repulsion between exocyclic groups of nucleotide in minor and major groove and π-π interactions between the base28. Before interactions of MTX to d(ATCGAT)2 and d-(CTCGAG)2 hexanucleotide, twist angle show small variations. For B-DNA the twist anglen fall in the range 32-36? . But upon complex formation twist angle of C3pG4:C9pG10 of both the hexanucleotide having a value 28.9? and 32.42? for d-(ATCGAT)2 and d-(CTCGAG)2 respectively. For d(CTCGAG)2 it is close to B-DNA and did not observed any fluctuations at n+1, n-1 & n+2 step, but changes observed at n-2 step. In case of d(ATCGAT)2 huge variations has been seen at T2pC3:G10pA11 step. Therefore, interbase pair interactions above and below the binding step are the markers for ligand binding and can be a guiding force. We could not observed the uniform pattern for intra base pair interaction in both the cases i.e d-(ATCGAT)2 and d(CTCGAG)2 sequences as expected. Simultaneously, backbone torsional angles do vary in both the model in comparison to standard B-DNA model.
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19. Veselkov AN, Evstigneev MP, Vysotskii SA, Veseklov DA, Davies DB, Thermodynamic analysis of interaction of antibiotic mitoxantrone with tetranucleotide 5’–d (TpGpCpA) in aqueous solution based on 1H NMR spectroscopy data. Biofizika 2002, 47, 432–438.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareINDUCTION PROTOCOLS FOR NEURONAL TRANSFORMATION OF GLOBOSE BASAL STEM CELLS
English1623Avinash ThakurEnglish Duraimurugan MuniswamiEnglish George TharionEnglish Indirani KanakasabapathyEnglishObjective(s): Consistent efforts with increasing optimistic outcome are being made to identify a candidate (neuron- progenitor cell) for a reliable therapeutic intervention of CNS injury. In this venture, recent years witnessed an increasing bang on the olfactory epithelium for suitable neuripotent stem cells. In this research work we aim at exploring the cultural characteristics and standardizing induction media for neuronal transformation of the potential multipotent Globose basal stem cells (GBC) residing in the basal compartment of the olfactory epithelium of rat olfactory mucosa. Methodology: GBC were isolated in pure form from olfactory mucosa of albino wistar rats using GBC-III monoclonal antibody and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Two different induction protocols were defined for the transformation of GBC into functional neurons. Results: GBC transformed into neurons and astrocytes in both the induction media. The neurons and astrocytes hence formed were immunohistologically characterized. Conclusion: This research work conclusively elucidates the cultural characteristics of a novel multipotent candidate (GBC) which can be induced into functional neurons using specific external niche and can prove to be beneficial for further research in neuro-regenerative therapies.
EnglishGlobose basal cell, olfactory mucosa, multipotent, induction, neuron, astrocytesINTRODUCTION
For many decades neuroscientific researchers have been in the search of an ideal cell with the properties of absolute totipotency and regenerability in vitro and in vivo. Science has come very close to the quest, but still many unanswered questions remain. In this research work we aim at analyzing the neuronal potency of a group of very specialized stem cells present in the olfactory epithelium called the Globose basal cells (GBC) and evaluate their ability for continued renewal and transformation into neurons in culture environment using two different induction protocols with modifications of the existing protocols proposed by Greco et al 1 and Xiufang Guo et al 2. This would allow us to manipulate these cells to a therapeutic grade and assay their value for CNS injury treatment in humans using rat GBC or human GBC. GBC are small, round, morphologically non-descript and cyto-keratin negative cells that sit between the horizontal basal cells (HBC) below and the immature olfactory receptor neurons above, that proliferate at a high rate in the normal OE, are limited to the OE and are poorly characterized at the level of their molecular phenotype.
Neurogenesis is a process by which new neurons are generated from a precursor cell. This process requires the proliferation, differentiation and migration of neurogenic stem cells into neurons. It was believed for many decades that in mammals neurogenesis occurred only during embryonic life, but recent work in this field has made it evident that neuronal regeneration occurs even after birth in specific tissues like the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subventricular zone and olfactory epithelium 3. The formation of neurospheres in olfactory epithelium and other tissues like spinal cord 4, eye 5, ear 6 and hippocampus 7 has been extremely important in determining the role of stem and progenitor cells in trans-differentiation into neuronal elements. In marked contrast to other parts of the nervous system, there is substantial anatomical and functional recovery of the olfactory epithelium and its projection into the CNS even in the face of overwhelming injury. For example, in the case of epithelial lesions caused by a single exposure to methyl bromide (MeBr), the olfactory epithelium is restored to a status that is indistinguishable from unlesioned epithelium within 6–8 weeks after damage 8. In the past few decades, variety of fetal, embryonic and adult stem and progenitor cells have been tried with conflicting outcome for cell therapy of central nervous system injury and diseases9. Transplantation of adult animal and human olfactory epithelium (OE) cells has been used in the past for experimental and clinical correction of spinal injuries10. Embryonic stem cells have enormous ability to regenerate into different types of cells in the body; but they also share the possibilities of immune rejection, adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy and many ethical issues which exclude them as an ideal candidate for clinical work. Olfactory mucosa is readily accessible, easily biopsied for autologous cell transplantation and regenerates completely without any loss of function. These properties make the olfactory epithelial stem cells as the ideal candidate for use in clinical research and therapy. The adult OE is a unique and a complex tissue containing heterogeneous population of epithelial cells. Apart from the support cells and neruoreceptor cells, this complex is said to retain a kind of progenitor cells that are competent to make neurons (neural stem cells) and non- neural support cells 11,12,13. This study has been undertaken to understand the culture requirements, proliferative and differentiative properties of Globose Basal Cells since there is shortage of data regarding these properties of GBCs because of non-conclusive trials in the past to prove their multipotency. This research work conclusively establishes that GBC are the group of neural stem cells capable of such neuronal differentiation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Six Albino wistar rats were used at different occasions and their nasal septum was completed excised along three surgical lines: the arc of the perpendicular plate, the cribriform plate and the ceiling of the oral cavity to obtain the olfactory mucosa and the respiratory mucosa was discarded. Olfactory mucosa of humans and rat was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and also with toulidine blue to do comparative study of the histological characteristics of the OE and its basal compartments (fig.1a, b). The OE was separated from the mucosa under Leica EZ2HD dissecting microscope by enzymatic treatment with 0.5 ml of Dispase-II for 45 minutes. The epithelial cells were separated from each other with the use of an enzymatic cocktail containing collagenase – 1 mg/ml, hyaluronidase – 1.5 mg/ml, trypsin inhibitor – 0.1 mg/ml and cultured in the epithelial medium composed of Dulbeco’s modified Eagle medium / F12 (1: 1) – 47.5 ml, 2% fetal bovine serum – 1.0 ml, N2 supplement – 0.5 ml, epidermal growth factor (25 ng / ml) – 12.5 µl and L-glutamine – 0.5 ml for generation of neurospheres. GBC were isolated in pure form (fig.2a) from the epithelial cells by tagging them with a highly specific monoclonal antibody GBC-III (fig.2b) and sorting them with fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). GBC-III is a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody which recognizes a 40 kDa surface antigen which is a laminin receptor surface protein. It is highly specific as a marker for GBCs, unlike the earlier antibodies used like GBC-I which were nonspecific markers for GBCs and showed positive reaction even with HBCs, Sus and duct cells14. GBC-III was received with courtesy from TUFTS University (USA) in powdered form. It was reconstituted into the recommended volume of 250 µl. It was used in a concentration of 1:100 for immunostaining.
Two different induction media were used to trans- differentiate GBC into neurons and glial cells. Induction medium I was composed of Ham’s F12 media, fetal bovine serum – 2%, B-27 supplement– 1%, retinoic Acid (RA) – 20 mM and bFGF (beta fibroblast growth factor) - 12.5 ng/ml. GBC were cultured in this medium for 12 days and morphological changes were recorded regularly. GBC were also plated for 21 days on induction medium II which was composed of neurobasal medium, B-27 supplement - 2%, L-Glutamine - 0.5 mM, Penicillin - 100 µl, Streptomycin - 100 µl and Amphotericin - 200 µl.
Differentiated neurons and astrocytes were characterized immunologically using numerous primary antibodies for neuron specific markers like microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2), beta III tubulin, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), neurofilament H, M and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP for astrocytes). Cover slips coated with poly D-lysine were plated with the differentiated neuronal cells from both the induction media. 4% paraformaldehyde was used as the fixative. Glass slides were prepared and kept moist for mounting the cover slips. After blocking with 2% goat serum and 0.1% triton X the slides were treated with the primary antibodies and incubated overnight at 40C. Slides were then treated with the respective secondary antibodies and incubated at 370C for 1 hour. The slides were then examined under immunofluorescent microscope.
RESULTS
Striking similarities were found during the staining of human and rat olfactory mucosa. The ciliated, pseudostratified OE was made of the similar three basic cell types, namely; olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), basal cells and sustentacular cells. ORNs and sustentacular cells were similar in morphology and their location in the OE. The basal compartment of the rat OE consisted of two types of cells, namely; HBC located closer to the basal lamina and GBCs located in a layer above the HBCs (fig. 1b). The basal compartment of human OE consisted of only one type of cells which were globose in shape which are also called GBC (fig. 1a). This has been described earlier in the literature and it has been suggested that these human GBCs act and possess the properties of both the cell types present in rodents 15. The lamina propria was much thicker comparatively in the human OM with higher density of bowman’s glands.
Neurosphere formation began in the olfactory epithelial medium by the end of 3 days (fig. 3a). These neurospheres were passaged on the 6th day to obtain the 2nd generation of neurospheres (fig. 3b). Multiple neurospheres were formed by the end of 2 weeks. The self renewal potential of olfactory stem cells was evident from the formation of multiple generations of neurospheres. During this period of 2 weeks, many of the neurospheres had started to proliferate. Hence an effective method of generating neurospheres from olfactory epithelial cells was established. EGF and N-2 supplement seem to play a significant role in providing an optimum external niche for formation of multiple generations of neurospheres from epithelial stem cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potential stem cell mitogen allowing cell proliferation through activating signaling pathway and inducing the production of beta fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the progenitor cells. It was also established that neurosphere generation depended on the initial plating density. An ideal cell density to be plated on the culture plates is required to avoid excessive or minimal growth of cells and neurosphere formation. Cell density of 10 X 105 was found to be ideal for optimal growth of epithelial stem cells and for formation of multiple generations of neurospheres. 99% pure GBC were isolated using GBC-III antibody and FACS.
Two different induction media; medium I and medium II were used to differentiate GBCs into neurons (fig.4a, b). These media were composed to meet the culture and differential needs of the growing GBCs and assist them to easily and effectively transform into neuronal cell types. Retinoic acid was used in medium I and hence all the work while handling the medium was done under dark conditions. B-27 supplement was also used to assist the cell differentiation and growth. bFGF was added to the medium II to assist in cell growth. Antibiotics were added to the media to avoid contamination with bacterial agents. 2nd passage GBC was plated in medium-I for 14 days and in medium-II for 21 days. Medium-I was left unchanged whereas medium-II was changed every 3 days using all sterile precautions. GBC plated onto the two different induction media for different number of days transformed into mature neurons and other glial cells by the end of the induction protocol in both the media (fig.4c, d). These neurons demonstrated a single, long primary process and multiple numbers of smaller secondary processes. GBC also transformed into astrocytes in both the induction media.
The differentiated neurons were positive for all the neuron specific markers (fig. 5a, b, c, d), hence proving the viability and functionality of the differentiated neurons. The differentiated cells were also positive for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), hence proving the transformation of GBCs and the viability of these astrocytes (fig. 5e). Mature neurons of rat were also stained with neural markers as positive control (fig. 5f). Electrophysiological characterisation of the differentiated neurons was tried using a whole cell voltage clamp. The cell membranes of the neurons were extremely fragile and it was not possible to obtain a high resistance seal on them. Hence voltage gated channels present on these neurons could not be identified. Further studies on characterizing the ion gated channels in the differentiated neurons would be extremely helpful in the future to determine the functionality and excitability of these neurons.
DISCUSSION
Neurogenesis begins in the early embryonic period (4th week) and continues 10 to 12 years after birth 16. The nervous system development is completed only during the adolescent period when myelination of the neurons of major tracts is completed 17. Neurogenesis in adults has been a topic of discussion in the field of neuroscience for decades with varying opinions from different researchers in this field. Early researchers believed the nervous system to be fixed and incapable of proliferation and regeneration based on the their opinions that neurons and non-neuronal cells in the nervous system could not divide actively by mitosis and they lacked the potential to transform from simple to more complex forms of neuronal morphologies. Another reason for such belief was inability in the past to demonstrate progenitor stem cells residing in the nervous system niche by specific markers. Cells in the nervous system could be demonstrated only by negative staining which was very non-specific13,18,19. Two important factors play a significant role in neurogenesis in adults. First being the microenvironment in which the stem cells responsible for neurogenesis reside and the other being the germ cell lineage of these stem cells. Hence it is important to provide these external and internal factors to the stem cells to promote their induction into neuronal cells. This research work studies one such population of stem cells residing in the olfactory epithelium which have the niche required to get accepted in the CNS environment and they are derived from the same germ line as the neuronal cells. This gives a hint that these might be the ideal neural progenitor cells which can be easily harvested and used for autologous transplantations.
The most recent development in this field of research has been the demonstration of neurogenesis in the olfactory system including the olfactory bulbs and more importantly in the olfactory mucosa. This finding proved very beneficial for working on the neural stem cells because of the easy accessibility of the olfactory mucosa. Numerous researchers have proved that there is ongoing neurogenesis throughout life in the basal compartment of the olfactory epithelium but they have not been able to define concretely, the lineage of cells responsible for this neuropotency. The dilemma still remains that whether HBC or GBC are the main colony of cells responsible for this ongoing neurogenesis. This research work on GBC has been able to prove with certain solidarity that it’s the GBC that behave as neural progenitor cells in the basal compartment of the OE. We study and standardize the microenvironment required for these cells to transform into neuronal cells.
CONCLUSIONS
This research work has been able to clarify with solidarity the prevailing ambiguity of the olfactory stem cells and has derived some definite conclusions about the cellular characteristics and cultural requirements of GBC for their neuronal transformation. It has now conclusively been made evident that Globose basal cells are the colony of neural stem cells residing in the basal compartment of the olfactory epithelium responsible for the ongoing neurogenesis in the OE throughout adult life and GBC require an ideal external microenvironment containing both internal and external factors for their proliferation, neurosphere formation and differentiation.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1232http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1232
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareGUSTATORY PATHWAY: A REVELATION BASED ON CLINICAL STUDIES
English2429Biju BahuleyanEnglish Unmesh A.K.EnglishLoss of taste sensation is often noted in majority of CNS lesions, but this has not been given much importance by the medical community. The taste pathway as described in standard physiology textbooks do not support the available evidence on the loss of taste sensation in central lesions. Taste disorders related to central lesions can either be ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral according to area of injury of the taste pathways. However, some questions remain, particularly regarding the exact crossing site of human gustatory afferents. In the present review an attempt is made to unveil the taste pathway based on clinical data available. Loss of taste sensations in relation to lesions in medulla, pons, midbrain and thalamus have been highlighted.
EnglishIpsilateral, Contralateral, Gustatory PathwayINTRODUCTION
Taste and Olfaction are chemical senses that contribute significantly to the quality of life and are important stimulant for digestion, but these sensations are the least understood. Olfactory disorders have been noted in majority of neurodegenerative diseases but they have been underrated in clinical settings .Similarly, the role of taste sensation is also underrated in clinical setting. During the acute phase of stroke absence of taste sensation is not given much importance as it is overshadowed by the patient’s other serious and life threatening problems. Most patients undergo numerous consultations for taste disorders, but this defect is mostly brushed off by the medical community and this can result in an adverse effect on the patient’s quality of life .The knowledge that taste disorders is an early sign of significant life threatening diseases like neurodegenerative disorders, myasthenia gravis ,lung cancer etc. is still not probed into.
A review of the sparse literature on taste disorder has brought to light the importance of knowledge regarding the gustatory pathways. Lesions related to the taste pathway can result in either qualitative or quantitative deficits in taste sensation. Central lesions involving taste pathways seem to generate perceptions of quantitative taste disorders, in contrast to peripheral gustatory lesions that are hardly recognised as quantitative but sometimes as qualitative taste disorders by patients. Taste disorders mostly arise due to lesions of the peripheral pathways and the mechanism underlying this disorder is already known .But recently it has been noted that taste disorders can arise because of central lesions also .The mechanism for taste disorders due to central lesions is still unclear. Taste disorders related to central lesions can be assessed using gustometers, to know the exact region of loss of taste sensation, this combined with diagnostic imaging techniques like CT or MRI would help to accurately determine the site of lesion in the taste pathways. Taste disorders related to central lesions can either be ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral according to area of injury of the taste pathways. However, some questions remain, particularly regarding the exact crossing site of human gustatory afferents.
Inspite of many recent advances in the field of gustatory neurobiology our knowledge of gustatory pathways and the processing of gustatory information are far from complete. Our knowledge of gustatory pathways is mainly based on anatomical studies via dissection and animal data via electrophysiological studies. But the recent clinical studies related to taste have questioned the knowledge regarding the gustatory pathways attained so far.1Many studies on lesions of gustatory pathways have noted ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral loss of taste sensations.But the taste pathways as accepted by standard physiology textbooks are not able to explain this pattern of loss of taste sensation .
The ascend of taste pathways, levels of crossing and the termination of the gustatory pathways appears to be controversial when animal studies are compared with clinical observation. Human gustatory system is yet to be completely elucidated .To clarify the same, in this review an attempt is made to summarize the recent evidences regarding the lateralization of gustatory pathways based on clinical studies.
Taste pathway in animal
It was found that the neural pathways for taste vary in different species of animals. In monkeys there was only three orders of neurons in contrast to cats and rats who had four orders of neurons .The three orders of neurons in monkeys were from the tongue to nucleus of tractus solitarius,second order ascends ipsilaterally from tractus solitarius to thalamus and third order from thalamus to gustatory cortex on the ipsilateral sides. In cats, second order neurons end in pons and third order is from pons to thalamus and fourth from thalamus to cortex .No crossing over was noted in the taste pathways. In contrast to this, in the rats it was observed that from the pons, ascend of the pathways were bilaterally to the thalamus and from thalamus also bilateral ascend to the gustatory cortex. As the human gustatory pathways were designed based on the animal studies, these differences have created confusions regarding the exact nature of gustatory pathways.2,3
Human gustatory pathway
Gustatory pathways in humans have three orders of neurons. The first order neurons i.e. the relatively slowly conducting taste fibres from each side unite in the nucleus of tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata. There they synapse on second order neurons, the axons of which will cross to opposite side and join the medial lemniscus, ending with the fibres for touch, pain and temperature sensibility in the specific sensory relay nucleus of thalamus .Third order neurons arise from there and relay in the taste projection area in the cerebral cortex at the foot of the post central gyrus. Hence it was concluded that taste does not have a separate projection area but is represented in the portion of the post central gyrus that sub serves cutaneous sensation from face 4.This information about the taste pathway was further modified as follows “…there is no crossing in the taste pathway it ascends on the ipsilateral side”.5 Anatomic knowledge of the gustatory pathway in the peripheral nervous system (including the solitary tract) in man has been provided by many researchers. That of the secondary pathway in the brainstem, however, remains at a rudimentary stage. Spontaneous destructions of various nervous pathways by diseases occasionally provide an opportunity to verify or even to deny anatomic data collected in animals by the experimental methods.
Recent reports from clinical studies have given further insights into the understanding of taste pathways challenging the concepts of standard physiology textbooks regarding the levels of crossing, the joining with medial lemniscus and also about the cortical representation of taste. This review is designed to reach a consensus regarding these three aspects of the taste pathway .Loss of taste sensation in relation to lesions at different levels are highlighted in the present review.
Nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS)
Regarding the NTS, which forms the first order neuron, it is proved that NTS has a caudal portion and rostral portion. All chemosensory information from the tongue carried by the three cranial nerves converges on the rostral part of NTS (rNTS)6. Visceral afferent inputs that convey information regarding the physiological status of the gastrointestinal system project to the caudal NTS7. Sensory information from the trigeminal nerves, relay in the rNTS. Hence Trigeminal stimulants with irritating effects can modulate taste responses in the rNTS.8,9 The rNTS is also a target of descending forebrain projections from the gustatory cortex (GC), prefrontal cortex, central nucleus of the amygdala (AMYce)& lateral hypothalamus (LH)10. The NTS thus offers the first opportunity for neural signals derived from the somatosensory and GI systems and other CNS nuclei to modulate incoming taste information11.
Second order neurons
For almost a century, it was accepted that the second order neurons cross to the opposite side,it is now believed that leaving the NTS the taste pathways ascend ipsilaterally and cross at midbrain level to reach thalamus. Several recent case reports support this evidence .Extensive studies on lesions in the brain stem, incorporating both the clinical and MRI findings are supporting evidence to the ipsilateral ascend of central taste pathways upto the upper pontine or lower midbrain level. Associated partial sensory disturbance of the face or limb with lack of evidence of medial lemniscus decussation at the upper brainstem suggests that the medial lemniscus may not directly convey taste sensation.12Another case report on a 34 yr old man,with cavernous hemangioma in the brain stem also resulted in ipsilateral taste loss with no other neurological abnormalities ,suggesting that taste ascends ipsilaterally and has no connections with the medial lemniscus13. A case study conducted in the year 2000, suggested that the central gustatory pathway project from the NTS to the parabrachial nucleus, presumed to be pontine taste area, ascends ipsilaterally and is located laterally from the medial lemniscus.14
In a recent study conducted by Onada K. and Ikeda M. (2012), 38 patients with taste disorders due to central lesions were examined. The laterality of the taste disorders were extensively studied .It was observed that for lesions located from medulla to Pons, ipsilateral loss of taste was more. For lesions located above the midbrain ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral cases were noted, but bilateral cases were more frequently detected. From the laterality of the taste disorders relative to the central lesions, it was suggested that the central gustatory pathway ascends ipsilaterally from the medulla to the pons, branches at the upper pons, and then ascends bilaterally from the midbrain to the cerebral cortex15 .In autopsy study conducted in patients who died of pontine hemorrhage it was noted that there was reduction in the number of nerve fibres in the solitary tract compared to the other side and neuronal changes in the solitary tract nucleus on the same side as that of the pontine lesions16 .
Third order neurons
Third order neurons extend from thalamus to gustatory cortex.It was noted in one case that acute right midbrain and thalamic infracts resulted in bilateral ageusia indicating that some secondary projection fibres may cross in humans and consequently unilateral right sided ischemic lesions cause bilateral gustatory deficits17. 11 patients with thalamic infarcts and 13 patients with corona radiate infarcts were tested for dysgeusia .It was noted that majority of the patients with both thalamic and corona radiate infarcts reported dysgeusia on the contralateral side suggesting that the gustatory pathways ascend contralaterally in the cerebral hemispheres and the pathway from the thalamus to the cortex is via the posterior part of the corona radiate18. Infarcts in the left thalamus resulted in bilateral loss of the ability to differentiate different taste sensations.This finding has lead to further investigation into the central projections of taste fibres . Inspite of the awareness of the role of thalamus and insular cortex in gustatory sensations the central pathway from the VPM thalamic nuclei in humans has not been elucidated.This is due to the paucity of functional imaging studies on taste disorders in patients with cortical or thalamic stroke. A PET investigation of taste sensation in healthy humans showed that the thalamus, insular cortex, anterior cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, lingual gyrus, caudate nucleus, and temporal gyri participated in the discrimination of a salty taste19.However, these studies have not elucidated the termination laterality of fibers from the thalamic gustatory relay.From the data derived from studies on thalamic and cortical infracts it was noted that the laterality of taste dominance is in the left hemisphere, with the right hemisphere only involved in the taste sensation of the right hemitongue20. Left post insular lesions resulted in decrease taste perception on the contralateral side according to a case study done in the year 200521. Cortex in humans is located in the rostrodorsal insula according to studies conducted in nonhuman primates.assessement of taste perception both quantitative and qualitative was done in patients with insular cortex lesions .It was observed that in patients with right insular cortex lesion there was loss of both quantitative and qualitative taste perception on the ipsilateral side of the lesion while in patients with left insular cortex lesion there was bilateral loss of taste recognition and ipsilateral loss of taste intensity22. The unexpected deficit in the left-hemispheric stroke patients for taste recognition on the right side of the tongue suggests that taste information from both sides of the tongue passes through the left insula.
In two patients with supratentorial lesion, hypogeusia was contralateral to the lesion, and in 3 patients with supratentorial lesion hypogeusia was ipsilateral to the stroke. These finding highlight the importance of laterality of taste sensation.23,24 Current literature review on gustatory processing indicates that the gustatory function has bilateral representation .Apart from this ,interhemispherical transfer of information is also to be considered. Evidence suggests right insula lesions induce ipsilateral perception and
recognition deficits, whereas left insula damage results in an ipsilateral deficit in taste perception but a bilateral deficit in taste recognition.25 This suggests the left insula receives input from both sides of the tongue and relays this information to secondary taste areas. Damage to the left insula is also associated with difficulties in assigning taste adjectives to smell (e.g. classifying an odour as “sweet”) in the absence of impairment in olfactory processing. 26, 27
CONCLUSION
The current concepts regarding the central pathways of taste followed in standard physiology and neuroanatomy textbooks need to be reviewed. Based on clinical studies it is proved that the central pathways of taste crosses at higher levels i,e the second order neurons ascend on the ipsilateral side and then cross at the level of midbrain and end in thalamus of the opposite side .The course of the third order neuron is still not clear .From the available clinical data it suggests that the third order neuron ascends bilaterally from thalamus to cortex with the left insular cortex having dominance over the right in taste perception .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. We are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1233http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1233
Rolls E T, Scott T R. Central taste anatomy and neurophysiology. In: Doty RL, ed. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2003. 679–705.
Ogawa, H.: Neurological pathway of taste and information processing. Ed. by Nomura, Y.,Komatsuzaki, A. And Honjoh, I. CLIENT 21—ENT Practice in the 21st Century—10,Sensory Organs, Nakayama Shoten, Tokyo,2000: 396–408. (in Japanese)
Yamamoto, T.: Central mechanism of gustation.Advance in Neurological Science 1980;24: 1176–1202.
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disturbance due to pontine lesion.[Article in Japanese] Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2000 May;40(5):487-9.
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J. E. Kim, M.D., Hyunseok Song, M.D., Jee H. Jeong, M.D.,et al.Bilateral Ageusia in a Patient with a Left Ventroposteromedial Thalamic Infarct: Cortical Localization of Taste Sensation by Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis of PET Images .J Clin Neurol. 2007 September; 3(3): 161–164.
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Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcarePATELLAR SHAPE, NOSE PATTERN AND FACET CONFIGURATION IN 200 NORTH
English3035Gaurav AgnihotriEnglish Ramandeep KaurEnglish Gurdeep S KalyanEnglishObjective: Patella, the largest sesamoid bone is bestowed with morphology having anthropological and clinical significance. The paucity of available literature regarding the morphometric characteristics of this bone prompted the present study. Material and methods: A total of 200 patellae were obtained from male cadavers from medical colleges of Punjab, India. The morphometric parameters and position of median and secondary ridge was ascertained .The patellae were classified according to the shape patterns and facet configurations. Results: The most predominant shape pattern emerged to be Wiberg Type 2 with Normal Nose. A lateral facet prominence (Facet ratio 1.3) was observed for median ridge with considerable individual variation in the prominence of the secondary ridge (conspicuous in 12% cases). The secondary ridge was found to run obliquely in a generally longitudinal sense, being closer to median ridge proximally than distally. The patellar dimensions in general were smaller for North Indians compared to other populations. When right and left sides were compared, only maximum width was statistically significant (pEnglishpatellar dimensions, shape, facet prominence, variation.INTRODUCTION
Patella the largest sesamoid bone, is important anthropometrically. This is because it is one of the parts, like distal end of femur, proximal end of tibia, and bones of ankle, which are concerned in the various methods of sitting and squatting, and are thus modified by cultural environment of various races. Yet, although these racial and individual differences have been recognized, very little actual work has yet been done upon this bone and the measurements are still mainly in the form of suggestion for future investigation1 . Several standard anatomy texts contain significant omissions regarding the complex patellar form, the details of which are important to a full understanding of the function and pathology of the patella. It would seem that the size of the patella may be influenced by the strain which is regularly borne by the quadriceps so that the small patella is associated with a small quadriceps muscle. The absence of the patella in animals which have a very powerful action of knee extension has been regarded as evidence that the patella plays no useful part in this movement 2 . The knowledge of morphology and dimensions of patella has clinical significance in the design of prosthesis and development of surgical techniques 3 . The thickness, height width ratio and relative position of median ridge are important parameters in the selection of patellar components, Patellofemoral contact stress and patellar tracking in the trochlear groove 4, 5, 6, 7 . The morphology also has an evolutionary significance. It is a known fact that amphibians and some reptiles are devoid of patellae while lizards, birds and mammals have a patella. Based on these observations a bony patella seems important for terrestrial existence8 . The present study aims to provide a baseline data for dimensions of patella in North Indian population. It aims to define the shape, nose pattern, facet configuration and also assesses the position of median ridge by proportion of medial facet width in whole width. The study also establishes the variation in prominence of secondary ridge & describes its pattern in North Indians.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The design of the study was conceived in the department of Anatomy of Government Medical Colleges at Patiala and Amritsar, Punjab, India .The patellae were obtained from male cadavers .The study was conducted on 200 adult North Indian male patellae (100 each of right and left sides respectively).The measurements were taken with the help of Vernier Calipers (LeastCount0.02mm); Protractor; and divider with a fixing device(Figure 1).
The following parameters were measured (Figure2):
1. Maximum height or Length:
2. Maximum breadth
3. Maximum thickness
4. Medial facet width
5. Ridge thickness
6. Lateral facet width
7. Height of upper articular facet
8. Height of lower articular facet
9. Angle of apex
The position of the median ridge was taken as represented by the proportion of the medial facet width (MFW) in the whole width of the patella (WW). This is depicted in figure 2.
DISCUSSION
The present study is the pioneer study in India which has described the morphometric characteristics and the phenotype of the bone. The patellar dimensions were found to be smaller for the North Indians as compared with other populations (Table 6). The maximum width and height thickness ratio (Tables 1 and 2) came out to be statistically significant (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1234http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12341. Harris H Wilder. Osteometry ; The measurement of the bones . In:A laboratory manual of anthropometry. Philadelphia: P Blakiston’s Son & Co; 1920.p.129.
2. Hsu HC, Luo ZP, Rand JA, An KN. Influence of patellar thickness on patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact characteristics after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 1996 ; 11: 69–80.
3. Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 1988; 15:1833– 1840.
4. Haxton H.The patellar index in mammals. J Anat 1944 ; 78(3):106-7.
5. Oishi CS, Kaufman KR, Irby SE, Colwell CW Jr. Effects of patellar thickness on compression and shear forces in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; 331:283–290.
6. Reuben JD, McDonald CL, Woodard PL, Hennington LJ. Effect of patella thickness on patella strain following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty1991; 6 :251– 258.
7. Star MJ, Kaufman KR, Irby SE, Colwell CW Jr. The effects of patellar thickness on patellofemoral forces after resurfacing. Clin Orthop Relat Res1996; 322:279–284.
8. Dye SF.An evolutionary perspective of the knee.J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:976.
9. Grelsamer RP, Proctor CS, Bazos AN. Evaluation of patellar shape in the sagittal plane. A clinical analysis. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22(1):61.
10. Wiberg G. Roentgenographic and anatomic studies on the femoro-patellar joint. Acta Orthop Scand 1941;12: 319-410.
11. Vallois H. La valeur morphologique de la rotule chez les mammiferes. Bull Mem Soc Anthrop (Paris) 1917; January : 18.
12. Kim TK, Chung BK, Kang YG, Chang CB, Seong SC. Clinical Implications of Anthropometric Patellar Dimensions for TKA in AsiansClin Orthop Relat Res 2009 ;467:1007–1014.
13. Baldwin JL, House CK. Anatomic dimensions of the patella measured during total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2005; 20: 250–257.
14. Iranpour F,Merican AM,Amis AA,Cobb JP. The Width:thickness Ratio of the Patella. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:1198– 1203.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareEVALUATION OF PORTAL SITE HEALING WITH CLOSURE AND WITHOUT CLOSURE AFTER ARTHROSCOPIC PROCEDURE- A RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY
English3643Kiran S PatilEnglish Haridas M SomayajiEnglish Santhosh S NandiEnglish Deepesh DaultaniEnglish Mallikarjun IthliEnglishObjective: To compare the two methods of management of the arthroscopic portal sites. Background: The methods of managing the Arthroscopy Portals are not standardized. The options are to close with the use of Non Absorbable Sutures or leave it open with sterile simple dressing. This study compares the two methods of management. Material and Methods: We present the outcome of 70 knee Arthroscopies carried out over a period of 24 months in Shri. B. M. Patil Medical College, Bijapur which were chosen alternatively into two groups one with simple sutures other with simple dressings. Outcome measures adopted were level of pain, redness, localised swelling, superficial infection, appearance of the wound after healing. Any observations were reported by an independent observer who was blinded with method of management. Results: No patient was lost during follow up. There was significant difference in the two groups with regards to the redness, swelling, severity of the pain and cosmesis.34% patients developed redness in suture group while only 5% patients developed redness in simple dressing group. 28% patients developed mild to moderate swelling in suture group while only 2% patient developed mild swelling in simple dressing group. 5% patients developed minimal superficial infection in suture group while no patients developed such complication in simple dressing group. Regarding the scar appearance 71% were happy in sutured group while 97% were happy in simple dressing group. Fifteen patients in suture group suffered mild to moderate pain while five patients suffered mild pain in simple dressing group. There was no long term complication in any patients. Conclusion: From our findings we suggest that it is preferable to leave arthroscopy portals open with simple dressing.
EnglishArthroscopy, portal sites, portal closure.INTRODUCTION
Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed to diagnose and treat intra-articular knee problems. The portals are created with a No. 11 blade incising the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and capsule.[1]. Under normal circumstances two portals are sufficient for most arthroscopic operations.[2]. Although rare, issues with portal healing may occur in association with arthroscopic knee procedures. [3]. Most wound problems are of minor severity and can be treated conservatively. Suturing of the wounds is not necessary and use of a sterile adhesive tape or leaving the wounds open is adequate. The portal wound complication rate was approximately 10% using either method.[1]. Very few studies have been carried out regarding this portal site management. Here we carried out a single blind, prospective randomised study comparing the two methods of portal site management either sutured or just covered by simple sterile dressing.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was performed in B.L.D.E.U’s medical college hospital and research centre, Bijapur and included patients who went arthroscopy of the knee joint by a single surgeon during the period from July 2010 to June 2012 over a period of 24 months. Inclusion criteria were all adult patients underwent arthroscopy of the knee joint either for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures with not more than 5mm stab incision for each portals. Exclusion criteria were procedure requiring longer incision [more than 5mm]; premorbid conditions like diabetes mellitus, septic arthritis. Single surgeon carried out all the procedures and 5mm stab incision made for each portal. Procedure carried out using tourniquet. Ringer lactate used as lavage solution. Portal sites either closed with mattress suture with 2-0 ethilon suture material or by covering the wound with simple sterile dressing. Supportive Jones bandage was given. Wounds were inspected at the end of 2nd, 5th, 8th postoperative day by an independent observer [nursing staff] who was not present during the surgical procedure and dressed. Sutures were removed at the end of 12-14th postoperative day. Any problems at this time were reported by the same independent observer. Patients were discharged after suture removal or wound is healed. All the patients followed up after 6 week interval for routine check up as outpatient basis. Same independent observer attended even during the follow up period. Severity of the pain (using visual analog scale [4]), redness, localised swelling, and superficial infection with respect to discharge were notified by the independent observer. Patients were asked about the appearance of the scar after healing with which they were satisfied or not. When the pain was present it was asked whether the pain is from portal site or deep inside. Problems related to the original pathology were not taken as to restrict our documentation related to portal sites only. Statistical methods Pilot study was conducted and 35 patients for each group were taken as sample size and p value of less than 0.05 was taken for significance. Z value, percentage were used as diagnostic statistical tests to evaluate the results.
RESULTS
Totally seventy patients were studied by choosing alternatively into each group. There were 23 males [65.71%] in each group and average age is 34.7 years [range- 20-59]. Table 1 gives the common indication for the arthroscopic procedure carried out. All the patients had 2 portals each which accounts to 70 portals for each group. No patient was lost in follow up. Mean operating time was 45.14 minutes for suture group and 43.14 minutes for simple dressing group [table-4]. There was significant difference in the two groups with regards to the redness and swelling. Twelve [34%] patients developed redness in suture group while only two [5%] patients developed redness in simple dressing group. Ten [28%] patients developed mild to moderate swelling in suture group while only one [2%] patient developed mild swelling in simple dressing group. Two [5%] patients developed minimal serosanguinous discharge suggesting superficial infection in suture group while no patients developed such complication in simple dressing group[table-2 aandb]. Suture removal was delayed by week for these patients and portal site healed by 4th week with regular dressing and oral antibiotics. All the portal sites in both the groups healed completely by 4 weeks without any complications. However regarding the scar appearance satisfaction twenty five [71%] were happy in sutured group while thirty four [97%] were happy in simple dressing group [table-2
aandb]. This shows the significant difference with respect to the cosmetic result. Severity of the pain assessed using VAS [4] were more with the patients who are sutured [table-3]. Fifteen patients [42.85%] in suture group suffered mild to moderate pain while five patients [14.28%] suffered mild pain in simple dressing group. However there was no long term complication in any patients with respect to the portal sites in both groups. But there was highly significant difference in the overall complication rate [p value less than 0.001; z value=2.52] favouring the simple dressing group [2.28%] over suture group [19.42%][table-5]. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that leaving arthroscopy portals open is an acceptable method of wound closure. This study suggests that open management of arthroscopy portals results in high patient level satisfaction. Hussein et al in their study reported that there were no major or long term complications with portal site healing and concluded that leaving knee arthroscopy wounds open is an acceptable method of management, which concurs with our study. And furthermore, although the use of suture material for closure of knee arthroscopy portals has decreased, many surgeons continue to use adhesive tape, assuming this is superior to leaving them open. And we conclude that there is no significant difference between the two methods of treatment either with adhesive tape or simple sterile dressing. [5]. There was a difference in the patients who perceived pain using VAS [4]. Fifteen patients in suture group suffered mild to moderate pain while five patients suffered mild pain in simple dressing group. Among these eight patients scored scale4 in sutured group where as only two patients scored scale 4 in open group. The patients scored 4 or more had either redness or swelling or both. According to Michael J Strobel, joint swelling may persist for some time after arthroscopy [6]. The pain would have been probably attributed to the distension of soft tissues or local tissue reaction due to retention of the secretion. As retention is more after closure, more number of patients in sutured group perceived pain even in number and in intensity [table-3]. There was a significant difference in the redness and swelling which were more in sutured group [table-2a and2b]. This would have been attributed to the effusion and local tissue reaction which was more in sutured group due to fluid retention. Two [5%] patients developed superficial infection in suture group while no patients developed such complication in simple dressing group. An analysis by SMALL of more than 10,000 arthroscopic operations showed infection rate of 12.1% which includes both superficial and deep [6]. This concludes that infection rate is minimal in our study and bacterial colonization of the suture track is the reason for superficial infection in suture group. Gristina AG, ET AL observed that colonizing bacteria are enveloped in a copious exopolysaccharide glycocalix, protects the bacteria from host defence factors and accounts for their persistence on the suture surfaces until they are removed with the sutures. [7] Scars of open group appeared cosmetically better than scars of sutured group.[table-3b.]. However there were no problems with the healing in any group. As christosis k states, following the arthroscopy unobstructed healing is a rule. Uncommon cases of synovial fistula were seen and reported rate is 0.0117%-0.61% [1]. Bhattacharyya M, ET AL, states that the method portal site management with adhesive tape was associated with a reduced potential for infection, faster renewal of tensile strength, greater cost effectiveness, and better cosmetic effects comparing with suture closure.[8]. We also state the similar result with simple dressing for the portal site management.
The method of management employed has implications on time saved in theatre including a reduced tourniquet time [table-4], and on cost. Tourniquet time should be minimized to prevent possible deep vein thrombosis and ischemic neurovascular changes [9]. The price of the suture material is saved and also the cost and time of removal of sutures either at outpatients, or by the practice nurse. If portals were left open then patients would not need to attend for removal of sutures and could simply have one follow up appointment at outpatients. This cost increases if more expensive sutures or staplers are used and further outpatient episodes are required for suture removal. In a study by Zempsky WT, et al, lowest average cost per laceration for sutures were $24.11[10]., Even though we have not come across any needle stick injury, percutaneous needle stick injury is one of the major risk factors in the transmission of hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV among healthcare workers. The commonest clinical activity to cause the needle stick injury was blood withdrawal (55%), followed by suturing (20.3%) [11]. It is pertinent to develop surgical techniques to avoid needle stick injuries among healthcare workers. Even though this study is a controlled trial, observations like severity of pain and appearance of scar are subjective variables leading to the chances of bias. However we tried to minimize these by keeping same independent observer who is not a part of team during surgical procedure for all the patients.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to the patients who allowed us to conduct this study. We are also thankful to the statistician Dr.Madagi who helped us in statistical analysis. No financial assistance of any sort was received from any source for this study.
CONCLUSION
The present study shows that managing the arthroscopic portal with simple sterile dressing has an advantage over the suturing the portals. We propose that all normal sized arthroscopy portals can be left open and covered with simple dressings. This would not only lead to high patient satisfaction with the appearance of their wounds, but also save time and money which is an ever important consideration today; prevents the possible needle stick injuries and reduces the burden on our health services.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1235http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12351. Christos K. Yiannakopoulos, MD: Diagnosis and Treatment of Postarthroscopic Synovial Knee Fistulae: J Knee Surg. 2007; 20:34-38. 2. Michael J.strobel .Knee joint –general part. In:manual of arthroscopic surgery.1st edition. ISBN 978-81-8489-082-2.Springer;2009. p57. 3. Robert J Meislin, Jeffrey Halbrecht . Avoiding and managing complications associated with arthroscopic knee surgery.In:Complications in Knee and Shoulder Surgery . ISBN: 978-1-84882-202- 3 .Springer;2009 p171, 4. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pain assessment in advanced dementia (PAINAD) scale.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2003;4:9-15. 5. Hussein R, Southgate GW. Management of knee arthroscopy portals. Knee. 2001 Dec;8(4):329-31. 6. Michael J.strobel .Knee joint –general part. In:manual of arthroscopic surgery.1st edition. ISBN 978-81-8489-082-2. Springer;2009. p73. 7. Gristina AG, Price JL, Hobgood CD, Webb LX, Costerton JW. Bacterial colonization of percutaneous sutures. Surgery. 1985 Jul;98(1):12-19.
8. Bhattacharyya M, Bradley H. Intraoperative handling and wound healing of arthroscopic portal wounds: a clinical study comparing nylon suture with wound closure strips. J Perioper Pract. 2008 May;18(5):194-6, 198. 9. Barry B. Phillips . Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity .In: Canale and Beaty: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 11th ed. ISBN: 978- 0-8089-2361-9 MOSBY ELSEVIER 2008.p2812. 10. Zempsky WT, Zehrer CL, Lyle CT, Hedbloom EC. Economic comparison of methods of wound closure: wound closure strips vs. sutures and wound adhesives. Int Wound J. 2005 Sep;2(3):272-81. 11. Sumathi Muralidhar, Prashant Kumar Singh*, R.K. Jain, Meenakshi Malhotra and Manju Bala Needle stick injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital of India Indian J Med Res 131, March 2010, pp 405- 410.
List of abbreviations
VAS- Visual Analog Score. mm- Millie Metre. p value- Probability value z value- Relative deviate value
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareMORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF FORAMEN SPINOSUM IN HUMAN SKULLS
English4448Jeyanthi KrishnamurthyEnglish Lalitha ChandraEnglish Shubha RajannaEnglishForamen Spinosum is a foramen in the greater wing of Sphenoid bone transmitting Middle meningeal vessels and Nervous spinosus. In the present study, Foramen Spinosum was studied in Fifty dried human skulls of which 25 were male and 25 female. In each skull, the location and shape of foramen spinosum, it’s relation to spine of sphenoid and foramen ovale were noted. Dimensions of the foramen were taken and data was analysed. Absence of foramen was noticed in 1%, confluence of foramen ovale and spinosum in 2%, asymmetry in shape and size were noted and in two skulls, foramen was present lateral to the spine of sphenoid. This knowledge will be useful to Neurosurgeons to identify and preserve the neurovascular structures while approaching middle cranial fossa.
EnglishForamen Spinosum, Variations, SkullINTRODUCTION
Foramen Spinosum is a small circular foramen located in the greater wing of sphenoid near or at the root of spine of sphenoid, posterolateral to foramen ovale [Fig-1]. It transmits middle meningeal artery, Nervous spinosus to the middle cranial fossa and middle meningeal vein1. Posterolateral to the FS, is the Spine of Sphenoid which is laterally related to auriculotemporal nerve2. The FS may be absent, in which case the middle meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale. The FS may be duplicated or continuous with foramen ovale or more or less incomplete3.The foramen spinosum is an important landmark in skull base injury especially in middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa. The knowledge of foramen spinosum is helpful for Neurosurgeons.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fifty dried Human skulls of which 25 male and 25 female available in the department of Anatomy, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore were taken for the study. For each Skull, features and variations of foramen spinosum were noted. Measurements were taken by placing the dividers anteroposteriorly for the length and transverse diameter for the width and then carefully transferred to a meter rule for the readings4. Results were compared and Data analyzed statistically.
RESULTS
Out of 50 skulls foramen spinosum was present in 48 skulls on both sides. In one of the male skull it was present on left side and absent on Right side and in one female skull, it was a common opening for foramen ovale and spinosum [Table-1] [Fig -2, 3].Three different shapes of FS like round, oval and irregular were observed of which round shape was more commonly seen and percentage has been shown in [Table-2] [Fig-4]. In one male and one female skull, on one side the FS was lying lateral to spine of sphenoid [Fig- 4]. In one Male Skull on the left side FS was lying posterior to foramen ovale [Fig-5]. The Mean length in Males was 2.58 mm [Rt side], 2.35 mm [Lt side] and width 2.18 and 2.02mm [Table-4]. In females the mean length was 2.68mm [Rt side], 2.52 mm [Lt Side] and width 2.37 and 2.24mm respectively [Table -5].
DISCUSSION
The Foramen Spinosum is one of the foramen that lies in the greater wing of Sphenoid, provides communication between middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa. It lies posterolateral to foramen ovale. It transmits middle meningeal artery, Nervus Spinosus and middle meningeal vein.
Various studies have reported variations of FS. Khan etal3 reported absence of FS on the left side of one skull among 25 skulls taken for the study. Karan etal5 observed absence of FS on the Right side in one skull out of 100 skulls. In the present study, out of 50 skulls absence of FS was noticed on the Right side of one skull [2%]. The absence of FS may be when Middle Meningeal Artery arises from ophthalmic artery instead of Maxillary artery. Khan etal3 have reported confluence of foramen ovale and FS in one skull on the right side out of 25 skulls. Karan et al6 found confluence of foramen ovale and FS in three skulls out of 100 skulls. In the present study confluence of foramina was seen on both sides in one of the skull [4%].
According to Desai et al7, 52% of FS were round in shape, 42% Oval and 6% irregular in shape, Osunwoke et al4 in their study have reported, either circular or oval FS with only one triangular shape out of 87 human skulls. In the present study, 55% were round, 40% oval and 2% irregular.
According to Osunwoke etal4, the maximal length of foramen spinosum was 4.0mm and minimal length was 1.0mm. Majority of the length of the FS fall within 2 to 2.5 mm. The maximal width of the FS was 2 mm and minimal width 1mm. A study carried out by Lang et al8 the width of FS ranged from 1.5mm to 2.1mm in adults.
According to Karan etal5, mean diameter of FS was 2.3mm in male on the right, 2.4mm on the left side. In female it was 2.5mm on the Right side and 2.3mm on the left side. The maximum diameter in both male and female on both sides was 4.0mm and minimum1.0mm. In the present study the Mean length in male was 2.58 mm [Rt side], 2.35 mm [Lt side] and width 2.18 and 2.02mm. In female the mean length was 2.68mm [Rt side], 2.52 mm [Lt Side] and width 2.37 and 2.24mm.The length was ranging from 1.5- 4 mm and width 1-3.5mm in male whereas in female the length ranged from 2- 4 and width 1.5- 4mm. The dimensions of FS were larger in female when compared to male. The asymmetrical size and shape, variations in the dimensions could be due to developmental reasons which may hamper clinical and diagnostic procedures.
In the present study, it was noted that FS was anteromedial to spine of sphenoid in most of the skulls. In two skull, on one side the FS was present lateral to the spine of Sphenoid. FS is an important landmark in microsurgeries of middle cranial fossa. The knowledge about the variations of normal, and abnormal position of FS is helpful in computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Spine of Sphenoid is related to chordatympani nerve medially and auriculotemporal laterally. In supratentorial hematomas, surgical treatment includes a bone flap made over the greater diameter of the clot, with the exposure of FS9. Hence the relation of spine of sphenoid to FS is clinically important.
CONCLUSION
This study provides essential information for the detailed knowledge of anatomical variations of FS. The variations are of clinical significance in fractures of base of skull and in diagnosing any aneurysms or vascular lesions in cranial cavity. This knowledge will be useful to Neurosurgeons to identify and preserve the neurovascular structures while approaching middle cranial fossa.
Abbreviations used
FS - Foramen Spinosum, FO - Foramen Ovale, SS - Spine of Sphenoid
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to Department of Anatomy, KIMS and to the authors whose articles are cited and included in the references of the manuscript.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1236http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1236
Henry Gray: Gray’s Anatomy of Human body, 37th edition, Churchill Livingstone, Newyork and London, 1989: 267-447.
Dutta AK: Essentials of Human Anatomy, 3rdedition, Current books international, Kolkata, 2003: 57.
Khan A.A, Asari M.A, Hassan A. Anatomic variants of foramen ovale and spinosum in human skulls. Int.J. Morphol 2012 ; 30(2):445-449.
Osunwoke, E. A.Mbadugha C.C, Orish C.N, Oghenemavwe E.L and Ukah C.J. A morphometric study of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum of the human sphenoid bone in the southern Nigerian population. J.Appl.Biosci 2010; 26:1631-1635.
Karan K.B, Surekha J.D, Umarji B.N, Patil R.J, Ambali M.P. Foramen Ovale and Foramen Spinosum: A Morphometric study. Anatomica Karnataka 2012; 6(3): 68-72.
Karan K.B and Prashant B.A.An Anatomical study on the Foramen Ovale and the Foramen Spinosum. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2013; 7(3): 427-429.
S.D Desai, Hussain S.S, Muralidhar S.P, Thomas S.T, Mavishettar G.F, Haseena.S. Morphometric analysis of Foramen Spinosum in South Indian skulls. J.Pharm. Sci. and Res 2012; 4 (12): 2022-2024.
Lang J, Maier R, Schafhauser O. Postnatal enlargement of the foramen rotundum, ovale et spinosum and their topographical changes. Anatomischer Anzeiger 1984; 156(5): 351-87.
Joel E.H and Deivis C.D. Abnormality of the Foramen Spinosum due to a variation in the Trajectory of the Middle Meningeal Artery: A case report in Human. J Neurol surg Rep 2012; 1.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareA CASE OF HURLER SCHEIE SYNDROME, ATTENUATED FORM OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS TYPE I
English4954Manali SinharayEnglish Mousumi MukhopadhyayEnglishMucopolysaccharidosis type Ι or MPS Ι is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism due to deficiency of α-L-iduronidase enzyme activity and is characterized by accumulation of incompletely degraded Glycosaminoglycans that generally lead to impairment of organ and body functions. In this report a three year old child with history of normal birth, delayed growth, noisy breathing specially during sleep and bulging abdomen noticed recently was examined and investigated thoroughly to reveal corneal clouding, coarse facial features, hepatosplenomegaly, multiple radiographic evidence of dysostosis multiplex, manifestations of mild valvular heart disease as per echocardiography, and abnormally increased excretion of Glycosaminoglycans in urine without any neurological abnormalities. The history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations confirmed the child to be suffering from attenuated form of Mucopolysaccharidosis type Ι (Hurler Scheie syndrome).
English?-L-iduronidase, Glycosaminoglycans, Hurler Scheie syndrome.INTRODUCTION
Mucopolysaccharidoses are autosomal recessive disorder of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) metabolism, caused by deficiency or absence of the lysosomal hydrolase activity. As a result, intralysosomal accumulation of GAGs occurs in various organs with significant excessive elimination of GAGs in urine. Inability to degrade these ubiquitous molecules results in progressive multisystem disorder with ocular, auditory, cardiac, respiratory, skeletal and sometimes neurological manifestations. Several types of Mucopolysaccharidoses are recognized depending on the type of lysosomal hydrolases that is deficient. Mucopolysaccharidosis type Ι or MPS Ι (Hurler's syndrome) arise due to deficiency of α-L-iduronidase (1). Historically, MPS I has been classified into 3 syndromes (Hurler, Hurler-Scheie and Scheie). The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from severe (Hurler syndrome, presenting in infancy and characterized by relentless cognitive decline) to attenuated forms (Hurler-Scheie and Scheie syndromes, presenting in childhood with slower progression and moderate to absent CNS involvement) (2). The estimated incidence of MPS Ι is 1 per 100,000 live births, and 20% of the total MPS Ι population is represented by the attenuated type (3). Hurler's syndrome is considered the prototype of the mucopolysaccharidoses. The term "gargoylism" has been applied to this syndrome because of gross disfiguration resembling the gargoyles of Gothic architecture. Although this syndrome was first observed by Thompson in 1900, Hurler gave a more complete description in 1919. The term mucopolysaccharidosis was first used in 1952 by Brante(4) .
CASE HISTORY
A 3 year old male child was admitted with complains of bulging abdomen (figure 1), noisy breathing especially during sleep and short stature. No history of consanguinity or delayed milestones was obtained and neither of his two siblings was affected until symptoms started recently. Any incidence of umbilical or inguinal hernia at birth was not reported by his parents. There was no history suggestive of any bowel alterations, bleeding, jaundice, seizure, or chronic diseases like Tuberculosis. His bladder habit was normal. Physical examination revealed coarse facial features, frontal bossing (figure 2), open fontanelles, depressed nasal bridge, nasal flaring, corneal clouding and short neck. On oral examination a low arched palate and peg shaped teeth seen. His fingers were short, stubby and a gibbus (figure 3) was found in lower thoracic spine. Anthropometric examination showed him to be severely stunted with wasting (height 64 cm, weight 11kg). His head circumference was normal of his age. His abdomen was soft and slightly distended. His liver was 4 cm below the right costal margin in the mid-clavicular line, with a firm, sharp margin and a smooth surface. His spleen was 2 cm below the left costal margin in the mid-clavicular line. Cardiovascular examination revealed no audible murmur but there was tachycardia and the child was mild hypertensive. No abnormal breath sounds heard on auscultation, but there were evidence of obstruction in upper airways as suggested by noisy breathing. No hearing impairment was detected and Neurological examination was within normal limits. Suspecting MPS, various investigations were done. As per routine tests Hb was 11.2, TC WBC-11,400, DC (WBC) Lymphocytes-40%, rest was normal. Liver function test, Serum Calcium, Phosphorus, Thyroid profile were normal. Radiological investigations suggested– enlargement of the skull, a thick calvarium, a Jshaped sella turcica (figure 4), Chest X ray showed the ribs to be widened with the classic "oar shape" and the heart was seen to be markedly enlarged in transverse diameter. There was no evidence of pulmonary infiltration in either lung field. On the lateral film the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies exhibited the typical "hook-shaped" deformity and a thoracolumbar kyphosis or the gibbus deformity was seen. X ray of hands showed short, thin metacarpals with proximal tapering resulting in a bullet shape (figure 5). An electrocardiogram demonstrated right ventricular hypertrophy. A subsequent echocardiogram confirmed this finding, as well as a developing aortic stenosis. No hydrocephalus was detected on CT scan of brain. Routine urine examination was normal. The fresh urine sample was centrifuged and analyzed for inborn errors of metabolism as follows: dinitrophenylhydrazine test for alpha keto acids; cyanide nitroprusside test for homocystine and cystine; ferric chloride test for phenyl pyruvic acid; Millon’s test for tyrosine; Molisch test for carbohydrates; and Benedict’s test for reducing sugar. Urine sample was also tested for bilirubin and proteins to rule out liver or kidney dysfunction. Molisch test was positive. To confirm the presence of Mucopolysaccharides in urine of the patient, assay of Urinary GAGs (figure 6,7) of the child was done against a normal urine sample by Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)-which being a quaternary ammonium compound reacted with the negatively charged GAGs to produce heavy white precipitates-confirming the diagnosis of MPS (5). Five ml of fresh urine was added to 1 ml of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (cetavilon) solution (50 g/l in citrate buffer (1 M) of pH 6. The amount of precipitate depends on the concentration of mucopolysaccharides. Depending upon their concentration, samples are classified as mild, moderate, and severe or negative for Mucopolysaccharides. Esbach’s test yielded negative result which suggested that the precipitate was not due to urinary protein. The particular subtype of MPS needed to be confirmed by enzyme assay which the patient was unable to afford, but the typical age of onset and progress of the clinical manifestations and radiological findings and investigations specially the urinary assay of GAGs clinches the diagnosis of attenuated MPS I (Hurler Scheie syndrome).
DISCUSSION
MPS Ι is caused by defective IDUA (α- L Iduronidase) gene, located on chromosome 4 at 4p16.3 site. Fifty two different mutations in the gene, IDUA have been shown to cause lysosomal enzyme, α-L-iduronidase deficiency leading to MPS Ι (6). MPS Ι has traditionally been classified into three categories: 1) Hurler disease for severe deficiency with neurodegeneration, cardio respiratory failure and severe skeletal disability causing early death, 2) Scheie disease for later onset without neurological involvement and less severe somatic manifestations, 3) Hurler Scheie disease for patients intermediate between the two. MPS Ι often presents in infancy and early childhood with chronic rhinitis, clouding of corneas and hepatosplenomegaly(7). As the disease progresses, nearly every organ system can be affected. Most patients with attenuated MPS Ι survive into adulthood, albeit with moderate to severe disability. However, cases of attenuated MPS Ι show wide variation with respect to age of presentation, symptoms and disease course (7, 8) . Children with MPS Ι may be normal at birth but may have inguinal or umbilical hernias. Growth begins to slow before the child’s first year ending and often ends at age three for severe variety. Many children may develop a short trunk leading to stature of less than four feet. Among the somatic manifestations, the child commonly presents with hepatosplenomegaly. A constellation of bony changes occurs such as severe and progressive joint deformities, dysostosis multiplex, kyphosis and joint contractures constellation, secondary to GAG deposition and fibrosis. Dysostosis multiplex radiographically consists of multiple abnormalities as enlargement of skull, a thick calvarium, and a J shaped sella turcica; hook shaped vertebrae and spatulate ribs, hypoplastic epiphyses and thickened diaphyses. The metacarpals are short and thin with proximal tapering resulting in bullet shape. The gibbus deformity or thoracolumbar kyphosis serves often as a key diagnostic clue. The severity and onset of these manifestations depend on the subtype of MPS Ι (9). Distinct facial features including bulging forehead, depressed nasal bridge and flat face become evident. The early ocular features that present in many children with MPS Ι include retinal degeneration, optic atrophy, optic disc swelling, ocular hypertension or glaucoma and corneal clouding (10) . Cardiac abnormalities are common in children with MPS Ι which worsen with age. Angina type symptoms secondary to arteriosclerosis and ischaemia may occur in the child. They can present with valvular dysfunctions, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and ischaemia, hypertrophy of cardiac chambers, congestive heart failure, sudden cardiovascular collapse and death (3) . Obstructive airways diseases resulting in frequent respiratory tract infections and noisy breathing are commonly seen in patients with MPS Ι causing sleep apnea, cor pulmonale and severe respiratory compromise. Deafness is reported in some cases of MPS Ι which has combined neurosensory and conductive origin. Hurler Schei disease is characterized by severe somatic disease without neurological deterioration (7) . Currrently there are two definitive treatments for MPS Ι(7). Stem cell transplantation is the standard treatment for patients with severe MPS Ι (Hurler disease). The second currently available therapy, enzyme infusion therapy with laronidase (human recombinant α L-iduronidase) is effective for attenuated MPS I (Hurler Scheie and Scheie disease) as the enzyme cannot penetrate the CNS but successfully addresses the hepatoslenomegaly, cardiac and respiratory disease. In the present instance where definitive treatment cannot be done, monitoring of patients with MPS I (Hurler Schei type) must include regular assessments, supportive care and treatment of a variety of systemic complications which is being done for this child. It has been recommended to undergo cardiac evaluation every 1 or 2 years after an initial diagnosis (11) . With the advent of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and, more recently, enzyme replacement therapy, there exists a need for early diagnosis, better disease recognition and management (12). Early detection of the disease and appropriate management through a multidisciplinary approach is recommended to improve the quality of life.
CONCLUSION
The rarity of such a case of Hurler-Scheie syndrome has lured us to report it. Although most patients cannot afford definitive treatment, but early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and monitoring of the systemic complications will positively increase the life expectancy of these patients.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1237http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12371. Kliegman M. Robert, Muenzer L. Joseph. Mucopolysaccharidoses. In: Behrman ER, Kleigman MR, Jenson B Hal, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.17 th ed. WB Saunders,2003:483-486.
2. Gabrielli O, Clarke AL, Bruni S, Coppa VG. Enzyme Replacement Therapy in a 5 month old boy with Attenuated Presymptomatic MPS I: 5-Year Follow-up. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(1): 183-187.
3. Bittar T, Washington III RE. Mucopolysaccharidoses [updated Aug 10, 2010]. Availablefrom: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/12586 78- overview.
4. Kabnick ME, Adler L, Berner PT, Estrin HE, Serchuk L, Alexander LL. Diagnosis of Hurlers syndrome with Chest Roentgenogram. J Natl Med Assoc.1984; 76(5):515-18.
5. Varley Harold. Non Protein Nitrogen. In: Practical Clinical Biochemistry. 4 th ed.CBS Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd. 2005: 224-225.
6. Banikazemi M. Mucopolysaccharidoses Type I. Emedicine pediatrics: Genetics and Metabolic diseases [updated on 2009 Apr 14].Available from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/15993 74.
7. Hopkin JR, Grabowski AG. Lysosomal Storage Diseases. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL et al eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine.17 th ed. Mc Graw Hill, 2008: 2456.
8. Neufeld EF, Muenzer J. The Mucopolysaccharidoses.In: Scriver C, Beaudet A, Sly W, et al, eds. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease.New York NY: Mc Graw Hill, 2001: 3421-52.
9. White K. Klane. Orthopaedic aspects of mucopolysaccharidoses. Rheumatology, 2011; 50: v26-v33.
10. Summers G.C, Ashworth L.J, Ocular manifestations as key features for diagnosing mucopolysaccharidoses.Rheumatology.2011; 50: v34-v40.
11. Tatapudi R, Gunashekhar M, Raju SP.Mucopolysaccharidoses type I Hurler Scheie syndrome: A rare case report.Contemp clin Dent. 2011;2(1):66-68.
12. Muenzer J, Wraith JE, Clarke LA. The International Consensus Panel on the management and treatment of Mucopolysaccharidoses.Pediatrics.2009; 123:19-29.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareSTUDY OF LUMEN CONTENT OF VERMIFORM APPENDIX AND ITS CLINICAL CORRELATION: 100 CASES
English5559Chaudhari MLEnglish Patel JPEnglish Nirvan AEnglish Kanani SEnglishAim: The purpose of this study is to correlate content of lumen of vermiform appendix and causes responsible for appendicitis. Methods: Total 100 cases content of lumen of vermiform appendix is observed in the department of Anatomy, Smt N.H.L Municipal Medical Collage Ahmedabad.In which 70 cases of cadaver during 2009 to 2012. Results: Out of 100 cases we find 40% lumen of the appendix is empty in 40%, feces 24%, pus 23% and whitish material 13%. Conclusion: Obstructive acute appendicitis result due to Faecolith, foreign body, Parasite in the lumen of the vermiform appendix. Present study help surgeon and radiologist in clinical diagnosis of appendicitis.
Englishappendix, appendicitis, appendix lumen content variation.INTRODUCTION
The Vermiform appendix present only in human beings, certain arthropod apes and the wombat (a nocturnal, burrowing Australian marsupial) was probably first noted as early as the Egyptian civilization (3000 B.C). During the mummification process, abdominal parts were removed and placed in Coptic jars with inscriptions describing the contents as “worm of the intestines” were discovered1 . The Vermiform appendix is considered by most to be a vestigial organ, its importance in surgery due mainly to its propensity for inflammation that results in the clinical syndrome known as acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of “acute abdomen” in young adolescents and appendectomy is often the first major procedure performed by a Surgeon in training 2,3,4 . Obstruction of the lumen is the dominating factor in acute appendicitis. Fecaliths are the usual cause of appendiceal obstruction. Less common is hypertrophied tissue, inspissated barium from previous X-rays, vegetable, fruit seed, worms (Entrobius vermicularis, Balantidum Cali, Schistosoma haematobium) 5,6
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This present study was conducted in the anatomy department of Smith N. H. L Municipal Medical Collage of Ahmedabad. The study includes 70 cases from cadaver and 30 cases from the post Mortum room, during the routine dissection in first mobs batch. For the dissection guideline we use cunnighalm volume two7 . We don’t do correlation with cadaver and postmortem cases. We cut lumen of vermiform appendix at maximum thickness and we find following as the content of the vermiform appendix. 2009 to 2012. RESULT In 100 cases of study 70 from cadaver and 30 from postmortem room. we fine 40% lumen of the appendix is empty (Figure;1), 24% feces (Figure; 2), 23%pus (Figure;3) and 13%whitish material (Figure;4)
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1238http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1238Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareAUDITORY AND VISUAL REACTION TIME IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH CONCOMITANT USE OF CELL PHONES
English6064Manjinder KaurEnglish Harpreet SinghEnglish Sangeeta NagpalEnglish M.L. SuhalkaEnglishThe use of mobile phones while doing tasks which require high attention span, can affect the reaction time of the individual which can lead to serious and undesirable consequences, for example while driving. The present study was conducted on 82 young healthy volunteers, comprising 52 females and 30 males, to study the change in their auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) with the concomitant use of mobile phones. The mean age of the volunteers was 23.5 ± 5.75 years. The ART and VRT were measured using Audio Visual Reaction Time Machine, RTM 608. After recording the baseline reaction time when not using mobile phone, ART and VRT were measured when the subjects conversed on the mobile phone, in conventional hand held method and then later when they continued their conversation in the hands free mode. Results showed that the ART significantly increased from the baseline (pEnglishreaction time, handsfree mobile, driving, dual task performanceINTRODUCTION
Cellular or mobile phone has been a revolutionary invention and has completely enslaved the world, since it serves not only as a source of voice communication but its scope has widened by the development of data enabled devices. Needless to say, it has become a self sufficient and convenient mode of communication, information, social networking and efficient utilization of time, thereby increasing productivity and growth. Any technology, if used injudiciously, has its own hazards and the same is true for cell phones. The use of mobile phones while doing certain tasks which require high attention span, can affect the reaction time of the individual which can lead to serious and undesirable consequences, for example while driving. Driving is a task requiring the coordination of a number of physical and mental skills It is documented world- wide that the cell phones, if used while driving, may affect the person’s skills by impairing reaction time, visual search patterns, ability to maintain speed and position on the road, ability to judge safe gaps in the traffic and general awareness about other road users. 1 It has also been reported that using the hand held mobile phone can cause physical, visual and cognitive distraction which impairs driving performance in the form of riskier decision making, slower reactions, wandering out of lane and not being alert to the surroundings. 1 The use of cell phones have increased manifolds in recent years, with more than 927.37 million subscribers in India as published on July 5 , 2012.2 This increase has also led to an increase in the number of individuals concomitantly driving and talking on the cell phone.3 Few recent studies have shown that the cell phone users spend 60% of their cell phone time while driving . 4 Drivers while talking on their cell phones, have an increased headways time, increased brake reaction time and tend to reduce speed while driving.5,6,7 It has been reported that the use of hands-free mode in cellular phones also involves significant verbal and cognitive distraction, which impairs the driving performance and skill; and that the driving performance further worsens if cognitive load involved in the dialogue is higher .7 Hence, the present study was done to see the effect of use of mobile phone, both in handheld and hands free mode, on the auditory and visual reaction time of an individual.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, on 82 healthy volunteers, between the age group of 18- 40 years, out of which 52 were females and 30 were males. The mean age of the volunteers was 23.5 ± 5.75 years. Only non alcoholic and non smoker subjects were included in the study. A pretest evaluation and assessment of the subjects was done to ensure that the subjects had a normal vision, normal hearing ability and no deformity or pathology of the upper limb. The test was done, in the morning between 9 - 11am, in the post fed state and the subjects had been given a prior instruction to have good sleep, a night before the test. The nature and type of the test was well described to the subjects and their consent was obtained for the same. The test was performed in an isolated and well illuminated room, on the Audio Visual Reaction Time Machine, RTM 608 (Medicaid Systems, Chandigarh). The instrument has a resolution of 0.001 second. This instrument provides the stimulus in two modes, auditory and visual. The auditory stimulus was provided by the continuous sound on the speaker using three different frequencies (250Hz, 500Hz and 750Hz) randomly. The visual stimulus was provided using three flashing lights (red, yellow and green) at random. The reaction time was recorded for both the auditory and the visual stimuli. The subjects were given practice session before beginning the test, to acquaint them with the stimuli. As soon as the subject perceived the stimulus, they responded to it by pressing the response switch by the index finger of the dominant hand. The subjects were instructed to keep the finger at the same distance from the response key throughout the test. The reaction time was displayed on the Reaction Time Machine and was recorded in the prescribed performa.7 The pre-test, baseline values were recorded. Then the subjects were asked to perform the dual task of conversing on the hand held cell phone and simultaneously responding to the stimuli; and their ART and VRT was then recorded. The ART and VRT were again recorded with the cell phone on the hands free mode, keeping both the hands free and simultaneously responding to the stimuli. The above data was statistically analyzed using paired t- test and confirmed with Krausel Wallis test.
RESULTS
The auditory reaction time increased significantly (pEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1239http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12391. Road safety: Mobile usage. Accessed on 22/3/2012 http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/roadsafety/Safer_ behaviours/inattention/mobile_phone_use
2. articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012- 07-05/telecom/32550630-/-base-touchessubscriber-base-wireline-segment
3. David L. Strayer, Frank A. Drews, Robert W. Albert, and William A. Johnston. Why do Cell Phone Conversations Interfere with Driving http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd57/wh ydo.pdf
4. Hahn RW, Tetlock, PC, Burnett. Should you be allowed to use cell phone while driving? Regulation 2000; 23: 46-55
5. Strayer DL, Drews FA. Profiles in Driver distraction: Effects in cell phones on younger and older drivers. Human factors 2004, 46: 640
6. Beede KE, Kass SJ. Engrossed in conversation: The impact of cell phones on stimulated driving performance. Accident analysis and Prevention 2006, 38(2): 415-421
7. Lin CJ, Chen HJ. Verbal and Cognitive distractors in driving performance while using Hands free phones. Perceptual and motor skills 2006; 103(3): 803-810
8. Chinmay Shah, PA Gokhale, HB Mehta. Effect of mobile use on reaction time. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences 2010; 3(2): 160-164
9. Suzanne P McEvoy, Mark R Stevenson, Anne T McCartt etal. Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: a case- crossover study. BMJ 2005; 331:428
10. Alm, H., Nilsson, L. Changes in driver behaviour as a function of handsfree mobile phones—A simulator study.Accident Anal. Prev1994; 26:441–451
11. Beede, K.E., Kass, S.J. Engrossed in conversation: the impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance. Accident Anal. Prev.2006; 38: 415–421.
12. Brookhuis, K.A., de Vries, G., Waard, D. The effects of mobile telephoning on driving performance. Accident Anal. Prev. 1991; 23: 309–316.
13. Lesch, M.F., Hancock, P.A.Driving performance during concurrent cell phone use: are drivers aware of their performance decrements? Accident Anal. Prev. 2004; 36: 471–480.
14. McKnight, A.J., McKnight, A.S. The effect of cellular phone use upon driver attention. Accident Anal. Prev. 1993; 25: 259–265.
15. Redelmeier, D.A., Tibshirani, R.J., 1997. Association between cellular telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 453–458.
16. M.A. Just, Timothy A. Keller, Jacquelyn Cynkar. A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak. http://repository.cmu.edu/psychology/231
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareRIGHT HEPATIC ARTERY BRANCHING OFF FROM SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY - A CASE REPORT
English6568B. M. BannurEnglish B.B. PatilEnglish Prerna GuptaEnglish Neeraj GuptaEnglish Sahana B.N.English Nagaraj M.EnglishThe anatomical variations of the abdominal viscera are important due to its clinical importance. Various types of vascular anomalies are frequently found in human abdominal viscera during cadaveric dissection and diagnostic radiological imaging. The present report describes a variation in the branching pattern of right hepatic artery. Here right hepatic artery was arising from superior mesenteric artery, which was a direct branch from abdominal aorta. It was measuring 7 cm and was running behind portal vein. It is crucial for surgeons and radiologists to detect presence of a replaced right hepatic artery, not only for liver transplantation but before any abdominal surgery, as this unnoticed variant is vulnerable to inadvertent ligation.
EnglishRight hepatic artery, Superior mesenteric artery, Liver transplantation.INTRODUCTION
Hepatic artery is a branch from coeliac trunk which in turn is a branch from abdominal aorta. The hepatic artery provides origin to the right gastric, gastroduodenal and occasionally posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. The hepatic artery can be subdivided into the common hepatic artery from coeliac trunk to origin of gastroduodenal artery and hepatic artery proper from that point to its bifurcation. Hepatic artery proper is accompanied with the portal vein posteriorly and the bile duct on its right side. Close to the porta hepatis the hepatic artery proper divides into right hepatic artery and left hepatic artery which supply the physiological right and left lobes of the liver. Thus usually right hepatic artery is a branch of hepatic artery proper.1
CASE REPORT
In a routine dissection of an adult male cadaver it was observed that right hepatic artery was branching off from the superior mesenteric artery and crossing posterior to the portal vein (Figures 1 and 2). This artery was identified as a replaced right hepatic artery because it was providing the sole arterial supply to the right lobe. The length of the replaced RHA was 7 cm from the superior mesenteric artery to the liver and was running behind the portal vein. The liver was normal in appearance.
DISCUSSION
Right hepatic artery is defined as replaced, if the artery does not originate from an orthodox position and provides the sole supply to the right lobe of the liver, but if the artery supplies a lobe in addition to its normal artery then it is called as an accessory artery. According to Grays anatomy the replaced right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery has been documented in 10- 15% cases.1 Kornasiewicz et al. In their study on 40 cases of liver transplant found replaced right hepatic artery arising from superior mesenteric artery in 5% cases.2 Shin Hwang et al. In their study on 197 cases in living donor liver transplantation found replaced right hepatic artery in 18.3% cases.3 Amadeo Marcos et al. In their study on 95 donors for evolution of technique for arterial revascularization found replaced right hepatic artery in 13.7% cases.4 This variant can be attributed to the abnormal persistence or regression of an embryonic artery. During embryonic development, the aorta gives off ventral segments, four of which become the celiac, splenic, common hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries. A longitudinal ventral artery anastomoses these segments. The replaced right hepatic artery originates from the persistence of the longitudinal ventral arterial segment connected to the superior mesenteric artery.5 This variant is of no clinical meaning unless the superior mesenteric artery becomes compromised. In superior mesenteric artery occlusion if the collateral circulation fails symptoms of gut necrosis will appear. In such case if replaced right hepatic artery is present than liver will also become necrotic.6 This anatomical variant must be identified prior to procedures such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent vascular or biliary damage, especially if the replaced RHA runs anterior to the common hepatic duct.7 Angiography of the celiac and mesenteric arteries will define the vasculature pre-operatively.8 Preoperative detection of an aberrant RHA in prospective transplant donors and recipients is essential for the proper management of living donor liver transplantation, as transplantation of the right lobe is heavily favoured over the left, and the aberration affects the safety of both donor and recipient.9 The presence of a replaced right hepatic artery proximal to the bile ducts also may reduce the risk of post-operative ischemia in the biliary tract of the donor, an occurrence that is speculated to be caused by the loss of crucial feeding branches from the main or left hepatic artery during retrieval.10 In contrast, caution must be applied where the recipient possesses a replaced right hepatic artery. Despite the development of branch patch reconstruction techniques, one study reported a higher incidence of postoperative hepatic artery thrombosis and stenosis in liver transplant recipients possessing a replaced right hepatic artery. The suspected cause was reduced blood flow in the common hepatic artery, thinner due to lack of the right hepatic arterial branch.11
CONCLUSION
It is crucial for surgeons and radiologists to detect presence of a replaced right hepatic artery, not only for liver transplantation but before any abdominal surgery, as this unnoticed variant is vulnerable to inadvertent ligation resulting in ischemia and tissue necrosis during complicated surgical procedures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors /publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Authors are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1240http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12401. Standring S. Abdomen and pelvis. In: Neil R Borley, editor. Gray’s Anatomy, 40th ed. Churchill Livingston: Elsevier; 2008. p. 1163-1177.
2. Kornasiewicz O, Krawczyk M, Paluszkiewicz R, Zieniewicz K, Hevelke P, Grzelak I, et al. Anatomical alteration of the vascular tree observed during living related liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 2245–47.
3. Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, Park KM, Kim KH, Ahn CS, Sung KB, Moon DB, Ha TY, Kim KK, Kim YD. Donor selection for procurement of right posterior segment graft in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2004;10: 1150–1155.
4. Marcos A, Killackey M, Orloff MS, Mieles L, Bozorgzadeh A, Tan HP. Hepatic arterial reconstruction in 95 adult right lobe living donor liver transplants: evolution of anastomotic technique. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9: 570–574
5. MOON JJ, WIJDICKS CA , WILLIAMS JM. Right hepatic artery branching off the superior mesenteric artery and its potential implications. International journal of anatomical variations.2009;2:143-45.
6. Charg RW, Charg JB, Watter E, Longo. Update in management of mesenteric ischemia. World J gastroentero2006;12:3243-47.
7. Nicholson T, Travis S, Ettles D, Dyet J, Sedman P et al. Hepatic artery angiography and embolization for hemobilia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol.1999; 22: 20–24.
8. Bradbury AW, Brittenden J, McBride K, Ruckley CV. Mesenteric ischaemia: a multidisciplinary approach. Br J Surg.1995; 82: 1446–59.
9. Orguc S, Tercan M, Bozoklar A, Akyildiz M et al. Variations of hepatic veins: helical computerized tomography experience in 100 consecutive living liver donors with emphasis on right lobe. Transplant Proc. 2004. 36: 2727–2732.
10. Yeh BM, Coakley FV, Westphalen AC, Joe BN, Freise CE et al. Predicting biliary complications in right lobe liver transplant recipients according to distance between donor’s bile duct and corresponding hepatic artery. Radiology.2007; 242: 144–51.
11. Ishigami K, Zhang Y, Rayhill S, Katz D, Stolpen A. Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004; 183: 1577–84
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF OCULAR MORBIDITY AMONG SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN RURAL KARNATAKA, SOUTH INDIA
English6976Prasanna Kamath B.TEnglish Girish M. BengalorkarEnglish B.S.Guru PrasadEnglishBackground: School children are affected by various eye disorders like refractive errors, squint, Vitamin A deficiency and eye infections. Children do not complain of defective vision. Uncorrected refractive errors form the primary cause for visual impairment and blindness in India. This warrants early detection and treatment of these problems to prevent future blindness. Aims: The study was conducted with the objective of comparing the prevalence of ocular problems among school going children studying at a government and a private school in rural area and to create ‘eye-health awareness’ among them. Method: This was a cross-sectional study of school children of two schools, one a government school and another private residential school in rural area of Karnataka state. The students were screened for eye disorders by visual acuity testing, anterior segment torch light examination and fundus examination with undilated pupil. Those children identified with ocular disorders were subjected for detailed examination at our tertiary care hospital. Results: A total of 700 children at government school and 600 among private school were examined. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 74.29% among government school children and was only 10.33% among private school children. Vitamin A deficiency was conspicuously seen only among the government school children (62.7%). Refractive error was the commonest morbid condition among the private school children (6.5%). Conclusion: Ocular disorders among school going children can be easily identified by regular eye screening programmes, promptly treated can be protected from future complications and childhood blindness can be prevented.
EnglishEye screening, ocular disorders, refractive errors, rural area, school children.INTRODUCTION
School health is an important aspect of any community health program. The school age is a formative period, physically as well as mentally, transforming the child into a promising adult. Health habits formed at this age will be carried to adult age, old age and even to the next generation. Poor vision in childhood affects performance in school and has negative influence on the future life of the child. Integration of vision screening and refractive services for school student with screening for health issues is recommended by World Health Organization.1,2 The relationship between scholastic performance and health status of children, in particular eye health is well established. School children are affected by various eye disorders like refractive errors, squint, Vitamin A deficiency and eye infections. Uncorrected refractive errors form one of the important causes of visual impairment and blindness in most developing countries including India. This along with Vitamin A deficiency forms a major preventable cause of blindness in the young age group i.e. Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1241http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12411. Elimination of avoidable visual disability due to refractive error. Report of an informal planning meeting WHO/PBL/00.77.Geneva;WHO;2000WHO; 6-10
2. Health dialogue: A forum for the exchange of news and views on primary health care in India.Inveno. 2006;44:1
3. Prajapati P, Oza J, Prajapati J, Kedia G, Chudasama RK. Prevalence of Ocular morbidity among school adolescents of Gandhinagar district, Gujrat. Online J Health allied Scs.2010;9(4):5
4. Danish Assistance to the National Programme for control of Blindness. New Delhi, India: Vision screening in school children. Training module 1.
5. World Health Organization (1999) Report of WHO/IAPB scientific meeting, Hyderabad, India 13-17th April. Childhood Blindness Prevention. WHO/PBL/87 6. Davens E. The nationwide alert to pre-school vision. Screening sight saving review 1966;1:180-4.
7. Mukherjee R, Seal SC. An epidemiological study of refractive errors among school children in Calcutta. JIMA 1973.73:59-64
8. Padhya AS, Khandekar R, Dharmadhikari S, Dole K, Gogate P, Deshpande M. Prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors and other eye problems among urban and rural school children. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2009;16:69-74
9. Chaturvedi S, Aggarwal OP. Pattern and distribution of ocular morbidity in primary school children of rural Delhi. Asis Pac J Public Health.1999;11(1):30-3.
10. Kalikivayi V, Naduvilath TJ, Bansal AK, Dandona L. Visual Impairment in school children in Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol.1997;45:129-34
11. Kumar R, Dabas P, Mehra M, Ingle GK, Saha R , Kamlesh. Ocular morbidity among primary school children in Delhi. Health and population-perspective and issues.2007;30(3):222-229
12. Deshpande Jayant D, Malathi K. Prevalence of ocular morbidities among school children in rural area of North Maharashtra in India. National Journal of Community Medicine.2011 July-Sept;Vol2 Iss2:249-254
13. Gupta M, Gupta BP, Chauhan A, Bhardwaj A. Ocular morbidity prevalence among school children in Shimla, Himachal, North India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2009 Mar-Apr;57(2):133-138
14. Wedner SH, Ross DA, Balire R, Kaji L, Foster A. Prevalence of eye diseases in primary school children in a rural area of Tanzania. Br J Ophthalmol.2000;84:1291- 7[PMCID:PMC1723290][PubMed:11049957 ].
15. Mausami Basu, Palash Das, Ranabir Pal, Sumit Kar, Vikas K Desai and Abhay Kavishwar. Spectrum of visual impairment among urban female school students of Surat. Indian J Ophthalmol.2011 NovDec;59(6):475-479
16. Bhattacharya RN, Shrivastava P, Sadhukhan SK, Lahiri SK, Chakravorty M, Saha JB, et al. A study on visual acuity and vitamin A deficiency among primary school students in Naxalbari village, Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Indian J Pub Health.@04;48:171-180
17. S Mahapatro, MK Das, GK Padhy, SS Kar, AK Nanda. Prevalence of ocular disorders in school children in rural area surrounding Bhubanesar. Journal of Community Medicine.2010 Jan-June;Vol6(1)
18. Dandona R, Dandona L, Srinivas M, Sahare P, Narsaiah S, Munoz SR, Pokharel GP, Ellwein LB. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2002 Mar;43(3):615-22
19. Col A Datta, Lt N Bhardwaj, SR Patrikar, Col R Bhalwar. Study of disorders of visual acuity among adolescent school children in Pune. MJAFI.2009;65:26-29
20. Goh PP, Abqariyah Y, Pokharel GP, Ellwein LB. Refractive error and visual impairment in school-age children in Gombak district, Malaysia. Ophthalmology.2005;112:678-85.
21. Kumar R, Mehra M, Dobas P, Kamlesh, Raha R. A study of ocular infections amongst primary school children in Delhi. Indian J Commun Dis.2004;36:121-26
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareDETECTION OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY IN GILLS AND FLESH OF LABIO ROHITA AND EDAPHODON KEWAI IN RIVER YAMUNA AT ALLAHABAD
English7782Rajeev KumarEnglish R.M.TripathiEnglish Lav KesharwaniEnglish Amit ChattreeEnglish A.K.GuptaEnglishThe concentrations of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn) and Aluminium (Al) in water, sediments , gills and flesh of both Labio rohita and Edaphodon kewai from River Yamuna in Allahabad, U.P., India, were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The pattern of distribution of the heavy metals showed a prevalence of Cr and Mn over other metals in the organs of the two fish species as well as in the water and sediment samples. The highest concentration of Mn was in the sediment and low in water. The unexpectedly high concentration value obtained for Cr and Mn calls for medical alertness since it exceeded the WHO recommended acceptable limits for consumption. Al was not detected in the organs of fish species, water and sediment. Cd and Pb distribution in all the samples was lower than the WHO recommended acceptable limits for consumption.
EnglishLabio rohita, Edaphodon kewai, Heavy Metals, Fishes, SedimentINTRODUCTION
Heavy metals in water, vegetation, fishes and other marine food, are one of the main reasons for the environmental contamination. Due to this reason, the detection of heavy metals and their ill effects on the human being are always of concern of a scientist/toxicologist. The toxic effects of heavy metals are long lasting, reason being the non degradation properties of heavy metals. The heavy metals can?t be degraded whereas organic contaminants decompose into other chemicals with time. Heavy metals have toxic effects even at low concentration, which may prove lethal to any living being. Their concentration in biota can be increased through bio-accumulations (Ganagaiya et al, 2001). Heavy metals are classified as essential (if they play basic role as components of vital biochemical or enzymatic activities in human body e.g. Fe, Mn, Mo, Cr, V, Zn ) and as nonessential (if the metals are classified as with no biological, chemical and physiological importance in man. Deficiency or high concentrations of these metals may have detrimental effect on health. Once liberated into environment, man-made chemicals and products of heavy metals are taken up into the body via inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Heavy metals on exposure may not necessarily produce a state of toxicity in the body as they accumulate in the tissues over time until they reach toxic concentration. Exposure to toxic metals is associated with many chronic diseases. As per available report, when meta llic toxicant finds their way into the body, there are possible mechanisms through which they act. Some of which are: (a) Inhibition of Enzymatic Activities: This is so because some metals such as Pb, Hg and Cd have affinity for sulphur and therefore attack sulphur bonds in enzyme, thus immobilizing them. Other site of attack include the free amino (- NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups in protein. (b) Attacks on Cell Membrane and Receptor: The heavy metals bind to cell membrane and receptor, thereby altering their structures. This affect transport and other inter or intra cellular processes in the body. Cd inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in the body. (c) Interference with Metabolic Cations: Heavy metals interfere with the metabolism of essential cations such as absorption, transportation, decomposition and storage. Cd follows the pathway of Zn and Cu metabolisms. Pb replaces Ca in bones. (d) Action on the Artery: Heavy metals can increase the acidity of the blood. The body draws Ca from the bones to help restore blood pH. Further toxic metals set up conditions that lead to inflammation in arteries and tissues, causing more Ca to be drawn to the area as a buffer. The Ca, coats the inflamed area in the blood vessel but creating another by the hardening of the artery walls and its progressive blockage of the arteries. This leads to osteoporosis. Various studies have reported various levels of heavy metals pollutants as detected in water bodies in Allahabad. The heavy metals get into the aquatic environment via different ways of weathering process or mass activities such as agricultural and industrial waste disposal (Okoye, 1991). Due to the easy availability and being inexpensive fish is the common food for human being. Fish is often the last link in aquatic food chain therefore it is the need of time to determine its toxic metal concentration. According to (AbouArab et al., 1996) fish accumulate these heavy metals from the surrounding water and sediment. Many disease conditions in man are linked to the consumption of fishes contaminated with toxic metals (Ganagaiya et al., 2001) Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in any concentration can cause kidney damage, their symptoms of chronic toxicity include impaired kidney infection, poor reproductive capacity, hypertension etc. Chromium as Cr (VI) penetrates cell membranes and can cause geno-toxic effect and cancer (Iwegbue, 2004). Prayag (Allahabad), UP India has “Triveni Sangam”, which has two physical rivers Ganges, Yamuna, and the invisible or mythic Saraswati River. It is a place of religious importance and the site for historic Kumbh Mela held every 12 years. Tourists from all over the world mark their presence for religious bath in Triveni Sangam. River Yamuna is the largest river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India with length of 1,376 km and Basin of area 366,223 km2 . River Yamuna is chosen in this present work for the sample collection in this present study. The main aim of our work is to determine the levels of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Magnesium (Mn) and Aluminium (Al) in different organs of fish species, water and sediment as well as their potential health effects on human. An Atomic Absorption Spectrometer from „Varian Company? was used to analyse the samples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Labeo rohita and Edaphodon kewai fishes were the target species for the heavy metal detection. The brief introduction of both fishes is as follows: Labeo rohita Scientific Name: Labeo rohita; Etymology: Labeo: Latin, labeo = one who has large lips. Identification: All species in the genus labeo have a Dorsal fin with 12-14 1/2 branched rays; lower profile of head conspicuously arched; short dorsal fin with anterior branched rays shorter than head; 12-16 predorsal scales ; snout without lateral lobe (Froese et al., 2013).
Edaphodon kewai Scientific Name: Edaphodon kewai; Etymology: Its scientific name, kawai, means "fish" in the language of the Moriori, a Pacific tribe who inhabited the islands. Identification: firm, silvery fish with a rigid body. Their backs have black spots or ripple patterns. Young fish up to 25cm have in addition, vertical rows of spots below the lateral line. They are easily distinguished from similar sized kingfish by the high spiny dorsal fin that is joined to the soft rayed portion of the fin (Consoli, 2006).
sampling of water, fishes and sediments were conducted at the River side. Water and sediment samples were collected and preserved.
The samples of fish were collected from the fisher men and were put in plastic bags and refrigerated in the laboratory. Gills and muscular section were removed using a plastic knife and then dried in an oven at 105± 200C for about 24 hours, after which the samples were weighed prior to digestion. The dried gills and flesh of fish species were pounded and milled with a mortar and pestle until a powder was obtained. They were then put in plastic containers and stored in desiccators until digestion. 10 ml. conc. H2SO4 and 5 ml. conc. HNO3 were added. The sample was digested in fume cupboard until the solution volume was reduced to 2 ml. The digestion continued until the solution was colourless. This ensured the removal of all HNO3. The sample was allowed to cool, and 15 ml. of distilled water was added with gentle swirling. 1M NaOH was added drop wise until a pink- brown or colourless solution was produced. The solution was filtered using a Whatman filter paper No. 41, followed by dilution to the mark in a 25 ml. volumetric flask. The water and sediment were digested according to the method prescribed by (Sreedevi et al.,1992), Following the digestion, all samples were analyzed for Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn and Al in ppm level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The distribution of Cd and Pb in the gills and flesh of Labio rohita and Edaphodon kawai fish species was generally low when compared to WHO ( WHO,1996) recommended levels as portrayed in Table 1 and 2
Al is not detected in the organs of all the fish species. This shows that the study area is unpolluted with Aluminium. The concentration of Cr in all the fish species is higher in the gills than in the flesh, while the concentration of Mn in synodyntis is higher in the flesh than the gills. The concentrations of Cr and Mn in all the fish species are higher than the permissible consumption limits. Table 2 shows the concentration of Cr and Mn in gills higher than in flesh of Edaphodon kawai fish species. The specificity of concentrations of heavy metals is irrespective of the locality of fish capture and uptake route of the metals (Alinnor, 2005).
The distribution of the concentration of metals in both water and sediment was observed in the order of Cr>Mn>Pb >Cd as shown in Table 3. The result of this study shows that the concentration of metals in the sediment is higher than in water. Heavy metals entering an estuary in the solid form adhere to sediments whereas, the soluble form is precipitated to increase the sediment metal load and decrease the open water column concentration. The concentration of Cr and Mn in sediment is higher than WHO standard as reported by Bhatia (Bhatia, 2001). The presence of Cr in soaps and detergents used for washing and bathing in the River could be responsible for Cr highest level in sediment. The Cr concentration level above WHO limit is a threat to human health as people were actually using the water from the River for drinking and domestic purpose. The high concentration of Mn in both water and sediment could be attributed to its presence in many types of rock (ATSDR, 2000). It is above the permissible limits for drinking water. The heavy metal detection in the fish, water, vegetation and in other consumables should be carried out in the water bodies and necessary update is required to check the whether the heavy metal concentration is below or above the permissible limits. The detection is compulsory around the globe as the consumption of eatables provided by the water bodies is common in all countries.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed that Cr and Mn levels in all the test samples were not only high but above the permissible limits as recommended by World Health Organisation. The bioaccumulation of these metals may pose great hazard to health of humans and animals that rely on the fish and water from River Yamuna. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in all the samples were however, low and below the standard limit. Al was not detected in all of the samples.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The corresponding author is deeply oblidge to University Grants Commission for granting scholarship to pursue Research and Development work in Forensic Science. The authors are thankful to Dr. R. Krishnamurthy, Director of Chemistry Division, Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad, India for permission of Sample analysis in their reputed organization.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1242http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12421. Ganagaiya, P.I., Tabudrawa, T. R., Suth, R. and Satheesrraran (2001) „Heavy metal contamination of Lami coast al Environment, Fiji, Southern Pacif ic, Journal of Natural Sciences, 19: 24 – 29.
2. Iwegbue, C. M . A., Nwanjei, G. E. and Eguavoen, I. O. (2004)„Distribution of Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Lead and mercury in water, Fish and aquatic plants from Ewalu River, Nigeria, Advances in Natural and Applied Science Research, 2(1): 72-82.
3. Abou-Arab, A. A. K., Ay esh, A. M ., Amra, H. A. and Naguib, K. (1996) „Characteristic levels of some pesticides heavy metals in imported fish, Food Chemistry , 57(4): 487- 492.
4. WHO – World Health Organisation (1996) Health criteria other supporting information in Guideline for drinking water quality, edition Geneva, 2: 31-388.
5. ATSDR (2000) „ Toxicological profile for manganese Agency for toxic substances and disease Registry, US department of Health and human services, public health services, G. A.
6. Sreedevi, P. A., Suresh, B., Sir aramkrishna, B., Prebhavarhi, B. and Radhakrishriaiah, K. (1992) „Bioaccumulation of Nickel in organs of the fr esh water fish, Cyprinocarpio and the fresh water mussel Lamethdeimar ginalis under lethal and sublethal nickel stress, Chemosphere, 24: 29-36.
7. Alinnor, I. J. (2005) „Assessment of elemental contaminants in water and fish samples from Aba river, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 102(1-3): 15- 25.
8. Bhatia, C. S. (2001) Environmental pollution and control in chemical process industries, First edition. Khanna publishers, Naisarak, Delhi, India.
9. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Labeo rohita" in FishBase. May 2013 version.
10. Consoli, C.P. (December, 2006). Edaphodon kawai, sp. Nov. (chondrichthyes: holocephali): a late cretaceous chimaeroid from the chatham islands, southwest pacific. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(4):801–805.
11. Okoye, B. C. O. (1991) „Heavy metal and organisms in the Lagos Lagoon, International studies, 37: 285 – 295
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareA STUDY OF CRANIAL, ORBITAL AND AURICULO VERTICAL INDEX OF ADULT HUMAN SKULLS OF NORTH COSTAL ANDHRA POPULATION OF SOUTH INDIA
English8387P. Sri DeviEnglish Raju SugavasiEnglish B. Indira DeviEnglish K. Vijaya LakshmiEnglishIntroduction: Craniometry is the technique of measuring the various dimensions of bones of the skull. Craniometry has been widely practiced in anthropology to attempt scientifically justify the segregation of society based on race. Cranial index and cranial indices are helpful in differentiation of racial and gender difference. Meterials and Methods: In the present study 40 available human adult skulls have been taken up from MIMS, Nellimarla, vijayanagaram, belongs to costal region of Andhra Pradesh. This study conducted to investigate the cranial index, orbital index and auriculo vertical index of the UN known sex of dried adult human skulls. Results: In the present study concluded that, the Mean cephalic index is 71.6 mms and most of the skulls are Dolico cranial type, Mean orbital index is 72.1mms and the Orbits belongs to skulls were Hypsi cranial type and Mean auricular height is 66.52mms, the skulls are Hysi cephalic type. The good knowledge of the cephalic dimensions of the skull can guide the surgical management related to the orbital and auricular pathologies.
EnglishCraniometry, skull, orbital index, Cranial indexINTRODUCTION
Cephalic index is an important parameter for deciding the race and sex of an individual whose identity is unknown. Cephalic dimensions and cranial indices are considered as simplest and most efficient way to indicate racial differences (Chaturvedi et al, 1963). Variation between and within the population is attributed to complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors (Kasai et al, 1993). The cranial anthropometry can be helpful in the study of human growth variation in different races, for clinical diagnosis and treatment (Poswillo et al, 1963). Craniometry is important in forensic practice where cranial remains are compared with existing photographic and radiographic records (Williams et al, 1995). (El-Feghi et al, 2004) stated that Cephalo metry is the scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head, usually through the use of standardized lateral skull radiographer cephalograms. Cephalic index is very useful anthropologically to find out racial differences. (Patnaik VVG et al, 2001) orbital anatomy, the orbital cavities, which form the subject of this work, are situated on either side of the saggital plane of the skull between the cranium and the skeleton of the face. (Soames RW et al, 1999) anatomy represents, each orbital cavity is essentially intended as a socket for the eyeball and also contains associated muscles, nerves, vessels and in essence lodges the visual apparatus.
METERIALS AND METHODS
A total number of 40 adult human dry skulls of unknown sex and age were taken for this study from the department of anatomy, Maharaja’s institute of medical sciences, Nellimarla, vizianagaram, located in north costal region of Andhra Pradesh in south India. The dry skulls which are available in the department belong to same ethnological category as that of the subject from whom brains were obtained. The measurements for the dimensions of the Craniometry were taken by using a manual vernier caliper calibrated in millimeters. Cranial index (Maximum length: the distance between glabella to the furthest point at the occiput, Maximum breadth: measured by right angles to the saggital plane) was calculated by the following formula Maximum length of cranial cavity × 100 = Cranial index Maximum breadth of cranial cavity Orbital index (orbital length: maximum distance between the upper and lower margins of orbital cavity. Orbital breadth: distance between the mid points of medial and lateral margins of orbit) was calculated by the following formula Orbital height × 100=Orbital index Orbital breadth Auriculo vertical index (Distance between the external acoustic meatus to bregma and maximal cranial length) was calculated by the following formula Auriculo bregmal length ×100=Auriculo vertical index Maximum cranial length Classification of cranial index: According to Garson1 Skulls were cla ssified as following, lower than 64.9 called as Ultra Dolico cranial, 65.0 to 69.9 as Hyper Dolico cranial, 70.0 to 74.9 as Dolico cranial, 75.0 to79.9 as Meso cranic, 80.0 to 84.9 as Brachy cranic, 85.0 to 89.9 as Hyper brachycranic and higher than 90.0 as Ultra Brachy cranic. Orbital index is classified as, Chamaeconchy is characterized by an orbital index is below 75.9, mesoconchy is ranges from 76.0 to 84.9 and 85.0 or higher the ratio is called as hypsiconchy. According to the vertical cephalic index head shapes were classified as chamaecephalic (57.9 > VCI), orthocephalic (58.0 < VCI > 62.9) and hypsicephalic (63 < VCI).
RESULTS
In the present study the Mean cranial index is71.6mms (Table: 01) out of 40 skulls 18 skulls have a cranial index between 70-74mms they are Dolico cranial, 8 skulls have a cranial index between 75-79 mms they are Meso cranial, 13 skulls have a cranial index between 65-69 mms, they are Hyper Dolico cranial and 1 skull is having a cranial index of 93 mms, that is Hyper Brachy cranial type. Mean orbital index is 72.1 mms (Table: 02) 36 skulls have orbital index up to 32.99 and they are classified as Chamaeconchy, 4 skulls have orbital index of 83 - 89.99 their orbits are Mesoconchy type. Mean auricular height is 66.52 mms (Table: 03) 2 skulls are belongs to chemo cranial since the auricular index is up to 57.9 mms. 6 skulls belongs to orthro cranial type of classification since the auricular index is 58-62.9 mms, rest of 32 skulls are Hypsi cranial.
DISCUSSION
Many authors conducted Craniometric studies on dried skulls in India as follows, (Chaturvedi RP et al, 1963) conducted a study on 115 skulls concluded the mean cephalic index was 70.75 and those skulls related to the Dolico cephalic type. (Jaysingh P et al, 1979) conducted study on 300 human skulls, concluded the mean cranial index was 74.35 and in this study 57.3% skull belongs to dolico cephalic group. According to (Usha Dhall et al,1998) among the 89 adult skulls belonging to the North Indian population 78 skulls dolicocephalic, 10 mesocephalic and 01 brachycephalic and concluded most of the North Indian skulls belong to dolicocehalic group. (Sha et al, 2004) reported the mean cephalic indices within different Indian groups were ranges from 79.50 to 80.81. (Seema et al, 2011) reported mean cephalic index was 72.56 conducted a study on 62 north Indian skulls. According to (Vishal Manoharrao Salve et al, 2012) studies, Out of 136 (77 male and 59 female) dry human skulls The mean of cranial index in males and female was 72.47 ± 5.13 and The mean of cranial index in males was 70.18 ± 3.39 and in females was 74.96 ± 4.31. (Adejuwan SA et al, 2011) reported mean cephalic index was 72.54 from 85 skulls. (Bharati et al, 2001) It was interesting to note that cephalic index varies significantly among populations in different geographical zones. Some authors reported the mean orbital index as follows, According to (Ukoha et al, 2011) study show that the orbital index of Megaseme category of male Nigerians was 89.21. (Fawehinmi et al, 2008) reported an orbital height of 40.6mm and a breadth of 44.5mm In Port Hacourt, Southsouth Nigeria. (Ezeuko CV et al, 2007) Studies on orbital cavity dimensions have involved the use of anterior and lateral skull radiographs.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of present study revealed that, most of the skulls are Dolico cranial type and the skulls Orbits are Hypsi cranial type and according to auriculo vertical index the skulls are belongs to Hysi cephalic type. Many previous studies reported the mean craniometric values in India but the present craniometric study investigates cranial, orbital and auticular index of dried human skulls especially in the North costal Andhra population of south Indian region.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are greatful to Dr. Dr. B Narasinga Rao, Professor and HOD of Anatomy and, we would like to thank academic staff for their proper guidance, and encouragements. I am very much greatful to the research scholars and so many authors whose efforts have helped me to update my knowledge of Anatomy.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1243http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12431. Adejuwan SA, Salawau OT, Eke CC, Akinlosotu WF and Odaibo AB. A craniometric study of Adult human skulls from south western Nigeria: Asian journal of Medical Sciences, 2011; 3(1): 23-25.
2. Bharati S, Som S, Bharati P and Vasulu T. S. Climate and head form in India: Am. J. Hum. Biol, 2001; (13): 626–34.
3. Chaturvedi RP and Harneja NK. A cephalo metric study of human skulls: Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 1963; (12):93- 96.
4. Chaturvedi RP and Harneja NK. A cephalo metric study of human skulls: Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 1963; (12):93- 96.
5. Dhall U, Gopinath K. Sutural bones in North Indian population: J. Anat Soc India, 1998; 47(2): 25-26.
6. El-Feghi I, MA. Sid-Ahmad and M. Ahmadi, 2004. Automatic localization of craniofacial landmarks for assisted cephalometry: Pattern Recognition, 37: 609- 621.
7. Ezeuko CV, Aligwekwe AU, Udemezue OO, Ejimofor OC. Orbit Dimensions and Bony Inter orbital Distance in Southeast Nigerians: A Radiologic Study: J Expt and Clin Ana, 2007; 6(2).
8. Fawehinmi HB, Ligha AE, Chikwu P Orbital Dimensions of Nigerian Adults: Jobiomed Afr, 2008; (6):1-2.
9. Jaysingh P, Arora A K, Gupta C D, Dua S, Pandey D.N. Craniometric study of skulls of Uttar Pradesh: J. Anat. Soc. India, 1979; 28(3):127-131.
10. Kasai KLC, T Richard and T Brown. Comparative study of craniofacial morphology in Japanese and Australian aboriginal population: Hum. Biol, 1993; (65): 821-832.
11. Patnaik VVG, Bala Sanju, Singla Rajan K. Anatomy of the bony orbits- Some applied aspects: Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 2001; 50(1):59-67.
12. Seema, Mahajan A and Gandhi D. cephalometric study of adult human skulls of north indian origin: International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Science, 2011; (1): 81-83.
13. Shah GV, Jadhav HR. The Study of Cephalic index in Students of Gujarat: J. Anat. Soc. India, 2004; 53 (1): 25-26.
14. Soames RW. Skeletal systems. Williams P.L Bannister LH , Berry MM Collins P, Dyson Mary, Dussek J, Ferguson MW, ed.Grays. Anatomy the anatomical basis of medicine and surgery; churchill livingstone. 38th ed. 1999: pp 555.
15. Ukoha U , Egwu OA , Okafor IJ , Ogugua PC , Onwudinjo O ,Udemezue O. O: Int J Biol Med Res, 2011; 2(3): 688-690.
16. Vishal Manoharrao Salve, Pradeep Sundar Londhe. A Craniometric Study of Adult Human Skulls from Andhra Pradesh: NJIRM, 2012; 3(1): 63-66.
17. William PL, Bannester LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE and Ferguson MWJ: Gray’s Anatomy. Soames R.W: Churchill Livingstone; London: 38th Edn : 1995; pp 612.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareA COMPARATIVE STUDY ON METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF ENTERIC FEVER
English8895Renu MathewEnglish Jobin.S.R.EnglishIntroduction: Enteric fever continues to be a global health problem and isolation of organism from blood is the gold standard for the diagnosis. Objectives: Aim of this study was to find out the usefulness of three different methods such as blood culture, clot culture and Widal test for diagnosis of enteric fever. Materials and Methods: Total number of blood samples collected was 290 from patients with pyrexia for blood culture, clot culture and Widal test. Results: Among the 290 cases studied, 117 patients were positive for enteric fever with either positive Widal test and or with culture positivity. Culture was positive in 40 patients (34%). Out of 117 positive cases of enteric fever, 89 (76%) had typhoid fever and 28 (24%) patients had paratyphoid fever. This was on the basis of significant Widal titers and isolation of Salmonella from blood or clot. Significant Widal titers were seen in 96 patients. Discussion: The sensitivity and specificity of clot culture were 95% and 100% respectively and both blood culture and clot culture had shown the same rate of isolation. Advantage of clot culture is that it can be done with the sample taken for Widal test. The sensitivity and specificity of the Widal test were 47.5% and 69.2% respectively and Widal test done on convalescent-phase serum gave more reliable results. Conclusion: Blood culture and clot culture had more importance when compared to Widal test for the diagnosis of enteric fever.
EnglishBlood culture, Clot culture, Enteric fever, Salmonella typhi, Widal testINTRODUCTION
Enteric fever continues to be a global health problem, with an estimated 21.6 million people (incidence of 3.6 per 1,000 population) and kills an estimated 200,000 people every year.The disease is endemic in many developing countries, particularly in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, South and Central America and Africa, with annual incidence rate estimated to be greater than 900 per 100,000 populations in India. 1 Enteric fever includes typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers caused by Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A, B and C. Isolation of organism from blood is the gold standard for diagnosis of enteric fever. Other methods like bone marrow culture, clot culture, antigen detection, Widal test and stool culture can also be done for the diagnosis. Delayed and inaccurate diagnosis and treatment results in increased costs and higher rates of serious complications and deaths. Early detection and antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance must be applied to prevent the complications as well as the emergence of multidrug resistance strains.2
In view of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to compare the usefulness of different methods for the diagnosis of enteric fever.
AIM
A cross sectional study to find out the usefulness of three different methods such as blood culture, clot culture and Widal test for diagnosis of enteric fever.
OBJECTIVES
1. To isolate and identify the agents causing enteric fever (Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C) using clot culture and conventional blood culture method.
2. To detect the presence of antibodies against Salmonella antigens in serum using Widal test.
3. To compare the results of clot culture method and Widal test with conventional blood culture method which is the gold standard for diagnosis of enteric fever.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out at Saveetha Medical College, which is a tertiary care hospital in Thandalam, Kanchipuram district. Study period was from October 2011 to January 2012.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
Patient with clinically suspected Enteric fever (pyrexia of more than five days) from all age groups.
Exclusion criteria
Patients with respiratory tract infections (tuberculosis, pneumonia).
Patients with urinary tract infections
Patients with malaria
Immuno-compromised patients (AIDS)
Total number of samples collected was 290. Venous blood (5-10 ml from adult and 2-5 ml from paediatric patients for blood culture, clot culture and Widal test) was collected aseptically from patients with pyrexia attending the Paediatric and Medicine departments at Saveetha Medical College and hospital. Consent form and proforma were duly filled up. After clotting of blood in the sterile tube, the specimens were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm (rotation per minute) and serum was aseptically removed for Widal test. The clot was used for clot culture.3 The specimens were transported within two hours to the laboratory. 4 For whole blood culture, 2-10 ml blood was added to the brain heart infusion broth without centrifugation.5
Conventional blood culture method (Gold standard):
Blood contains substances that inhibit the growth of the bacilli and hence it is essential that the broth be taken in sufficient quantity to provide at least fourfold dilution of blood. The addition of liquid (sodium polyanethol sulphonate) counteracts the bactericidal action of blood.
From adult patients with pyrexia, 5-10 ml blood was collected and inoculated in to 50- 100 ml Brain Heart Infusion medium. (In pediatric age group, 2-5 ml blood was collected and inoculated in to 20-50 ml Brain Heart Infusion broth)
The culture was incubated at 370 c for 24 hours.
At interval of 1, 3, 7 day, subculture was done on Blood agar and Mac Conkey agar.
Non-lactose colonies from the Mac Conkey agar plates were identified by Gram staining, oxidase test and conventional biochemical tests (such as indole, citrate, urease, triple sugar iron, mannitol motility and slide agglutination test with high titre sera.5,6
CLOT CULTURE METHOD
Clot cultures yield a higher rate of isolation than blood culture as the bactericidal action of the serum is obviated. Clot culture can be done with the sample taken for Widal test. A total of 5 ml blood is enough for both isolation of agent causing enteric fever as well as antibody detection. For blood clot culture, a modification of method described by Escamilla et al 7 was used. ? Five ml of blood was collected from patients with pyrexia and allowed the blood to clot. ? After the blood clotted in the sterile tube, the specimens were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm (rotation per minute) and the serum was aseptically removed for Widal test. ? The clot was used for blood clot culture. ? The clot was broken up with a sterile glass rod and added to bottle of 50 ml bile broth. ? Streptokinase (100 units per ml) was added into the broth to facilitate lysis of the clot.6 ? Culture was incubated at 370C for 24 hours. ? At interval of 1, 3, 7 day subculture were done on Blood and Mac Conkey agar. ? Non-lactose colonies from the Mac Conkey agar plates were identified by Gram’s staining, oxidase test, conventional biochemical tests and slide agglutination test using high titre sera. WIDAL TEST Widal test is a tube agglutination test which detects the presence of agglutinins (H and O) in patient’s serum with typhoid and paratyphoid fever. The antigen used in the test is the H and O antigen of Salmonella typhi and the H antigen of Salmonella paratyphi A and B. Commercial antigen from Tulip Diagnostics was used. ? Appropriate number of sets (as required; one set for each antigen suspension) of 8 test tubes were taken and labeled them 1 to 8. ? 1.9 ml of physiological saline was pipetted into tube No.1 of all sets. ? 1 ml of physiological saline was added to each of the remaining tubes (2 to 8). ? 0.1 ml of serum sample to be tested was added to tube No.1 of all sets and mixed well. ? 1 ml of the diluted serum sample from tube No.2 was transferred to No.3 and mixed well. Serial dilution till tube No.7 in each set was continued. ? 1.0 ml of the diluted serum from tube No.7 of each set discarded. ? The dilutions of the serum sample achieved from tube No.1 to 7 respectively in each set was as follows 1:20, 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, 1:320, 1:640, 1:1280.Tube No.8 in all sets, served as a saline control. ? To all the tubes (1 to 8) of each set one drop of the respective well mixed antigen suspension from the reagent vials was added and mixed well. ? Covered and incubated at 370C overnight (approximately 18 hours). ? The reading was taken after incubation. ? Significant titer was taken as 1:80 and above for TO and 1:160 and above for TH. 4,8 RESULTS A total number of 290 blood samples were collected from patients with clinically suspected enteric fever and subjected to blood culture, clot culture and Widal test. Duration of fever was ranging from 5 to 14 days. Among the 290 cases studied, 117 patients were positive for enteric fever with either positive Widal test and or with culture positivity. Culture was positive in 40 patients (34%). Out of 117 positive cases of enteric fever, 89 (76%) had typhoid fever and 28 (24%) patients had paratyphoid fever. This was on the basis of significant Widal titers and isolation of Salmonella from blood or clot. Significant Widal titers were seen in 96 patients. Out of 117 patients 77 (66%) were inpatients and 40 (34%) were outpatients. Among 117 positive cases, 66 (56%) patients were males and 51 (44%) were females. Out of 117 positive cases, 30 (26%) were belonging to the age group of < 20 years, 52 (44%) between 21-40 years, 32 (27%) between 41-60 and 3 (3%) from above 60 years of age group. Maximum number of patients 52 (44%) were from 21-40 years of age group. Distribution of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A infection is shown in Fig- 1
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The results of clot culture, Widal test were compared with blood culture (Gold standard). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated based on the compared results, which is depicted in Table 1 and 2. Table- 1: The sensitivity and specificity of clot culture were 95% and 100%. Positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 99.2% respectively. Chi-square test value was 273.313, PEnglishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1244http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12441. Eric Mintz. Enteric fever – Epidemiology and Reports from the Field: Global situation and WHO recommendations. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Asia-Pacific symposium on typhoid fever and other Salmonellosis. Dhaka, Bangladesh 1-2 March 2013.
2. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s (2000), Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 6th edition, chapter 220, Salmonella species, including Salmonella typhi, page no – 2636 -2650.
3. Koneman’s (2006), Colour Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, Sixth edition, page no 251-257.
4. Olopoenia LA, King AL. Widal agglutination test - 100 years later: still plagued by controversy. Postgrad Med J 2000; 76(892): 80-4.
5. Paniker CK. Enterobacteriaceae-III Salmonella. In: Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CK, editors. Textbook of Microbiology. 8th ed. Chennai, India: Orient Longman Private limited; 2010. p. 289-290.
6. Chakraborty P (2007), A text book of Microbiology, chapter 77, Pyrexia of unknown origin, page no: 676-677.
7. Escamilla J, Ugrate HF, Kilpatrick ME. Evaluation of blood clot cultures for isolation of S. typhi, S. paratyphi A and Brucella melitensis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986; 24(3):388-90.
8. Old DC. Salmonella. In: Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors. Mackie And McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. p. 385-404.
9. Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders KL, Boni MF, Dongol S, Koirala S, My PV, Nga TV,Clements AC, Holt KE, Duy PT, Day JN, Campbell JI, Dougan G, Dolecek C, Farrar J, Basnyat B, Baker S. The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu. PLoS One. 2010 Nov 15; 5(11):e13988.
10. Simanjuntak CH, Hoffman SL, Darmowigoto R, Lesmana M, Soeprawoto, Edman DC, Streptokinase clot culture compared with whole blood culture for isolation of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A from patients with enteric fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 82(2):340-1.
11. Mantur BG, Bidari LH, Akki AS, Mulimani MS, Tikare NV, Diagnostic yield of blood clot culture in the accurate diagnosis of enteric fever and human brucellosis. Clin Lab. 2007;53(1-2):57-61.
12. Krishnan P, Stalin M, Balasubramanian S. Changing trends in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A in Chennai. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2009 Oct-Dec; 52(4):505-8.
13. Taiwo SS, Fadiora SO, Oparinde DP, Olowe OA, Widal agglutination titers in the diagnosis of typhoid fever .West Afr J Med. 2007 Apr-June; 26(2):97-101.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareEFFECTS OF NEUROMOTOR FACILITATORY TRAINING ON DYNAMIC BALANCE ABILITY IN YOUNG COLLEGIATE MEN
English96102Samuel S.E.English Helina G.English Krishna A.P.EnglishPurpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of neuromotorfacilitatory training on dynamic balance ability in young collegiate men. Methodology: Collegiate men 18 to 25 years of age were randomly allocated into intervention and placebo training groups with 30 subjects in each group. Neuromotorfacilitatory training intervention consisted of equillibrium control exercises, closed kinematic chain exercises, PNF patterns and rhythmic stabilization exercise for 8 weeks. Dynamic balance ability was determined by the Eyes closed dynamic (ECD) standing balance test. Pre and post intervention data were analysed to estimate differences with Student?s unpaired „t?test. Results: 60 young adults (mean age 21.62±1.12 yrs.) completed the study. ECD balance (in secs.)showed statistically significant improvement from mean5.23±1.68to mean 8.22±2.62 (p? 0.01) for non- dominant leg and from mean 5.28±1.54 to 8.01±2.28 (p? 0.01)for dominant leg in the intervention group.In placebo training group, ECD balance (in secs.) showed no significant changes from5.23±1.57to 4.88±1.14(p>0.05) for non- dominant leg and from 5.11±1.08 to 5.26±0.90(p>0.05)for dominant leg. Conclusion: Neuromotorfacilitatory training improved dynamic balance ability in young adults.
EnglishNeuromotorfacilitatory training, athletic performance, dynamic balance, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular FacilitationINTRODUCTION
Proprioceptive training that has been used in rehabilitation following sports-related injuries is becoming recognized as an important component of sports injury prevention.1–8 The association between muscle imbalance and extremity injury has been established.9 It has been reported that proprioception can still be affected one year after injury following a rehabilitation program. 10 Several research studies have indicated proprioception may play a major role in injury reduction.11-14Results of randomized trials indicate that multidimensional interventions, including proprioceptive training help reduce injuries to the lower limbs in particular sports.1-8 However, the programs in these trials incorporated multiple components like warm-up, flexibility and strength training, sport-specific training and rehabilitation. The effects of such interventions on balance ability remain unclear. More so, the use of these techniques on balance in sedentary young adults has not been studied. The improvement in static balance following balance training has been reported by several studies.15,16,18 Nevertheless, these trials did not study the effect of dynamic proprioceptive balance training, a more likelyinfluence on postural control in athletic conditions.Less research has attempted to document the influence of balance on performance measures. It has also been reported that the evidence for the effects of short and long term applications to unstable environments is inconclusive, and deserves more substantial research.19 Available evidence concerning the intensity and frequency of exercises, and optimal methods for progression is inconclusive. A systematic review reported that the frequency and duration of neuromotor exercise training to cause health and fitness benefits are uncertain because there is inconsistency in the quality of available studies, the nature andparameters of exercise described; there is inconsistent duration ofofinterventions, and no uniform outcome measures have been used.20 Emery et al21 found that a home-based proprioceptive balance-training programmefor six months using a wobble board improved static and dynamic balance in healthy adolescents and led to reduction of reported injuries along treatment period. Neuromotor exercise training is reported to be helpfulwhen it is part of exercise regimes for elderly, targeted to improve strength and balance and reduction in risk of falling. 22 High levels of balance and proprioceptive training in gymnasts have been attributed to their ability to stand still under varied controlled proprioceptive input.23 A mounting body of evidence indicates that proprioceptive training can improve athletes? strength, coordination, muscular balance, and muscle-reaction times. It is likely to find that improved proprioception can also boost athletic performance. It remains to be established whether a prophylactic neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program could improve dynamic balance ability- one of the determinants of athletic performance- in young adults.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of neuromotorfacilitatory training on selected athletic performance variable – dynamic balance.
HYPOTHESIS
Neuromotorfacilitatory training with proprioceptive and stabilization exercises would improve dynamic balance.
METHODOLOGY
Collegiatestudents between the ages of 18 and 25 years fulfilling the requisites of the study, were included using computer generation of random numbers, after obtaining approval for the study and ethical clearance. Subjects not participating in any other lower extremity exercise programme six months prior to / during the interventional period gave informed consent to participate in the study. Based on the information gathered, the subjects who had history of lower limb musculoskeletal pathology (eg. Fracture, muscular strain, ligament sprain, rheumatologic disease), surgery, systemic diseases, like cardiovascular conditions (eg. IHD, valvular disease, peripheral vascular disease); respiratory problems (eg. Infection /bronchial asthma); neurological disease (eg.Epilepsy, neuropathy, dementia) were excluded from participating in this study. Prior to experimental treatment, all the subjects were assessed to obtain measures of selected variable. Dynamic balance ability was measured using the Eyes closed Dynamic balance test (ECD) .The test essentially measures single leg stance time on unstable surface in seconds(secs.). Subjects were divided into two groups, namely, experimental group (Group A) and placebo training group (Group B). The 8 weeks neuromotorfacilitatory training consisted of equilibrium control exercises – single limb stance on firm and foam surfaces, ankle disk training with knee extension and arm extension, closed kinematic chain lower body exercises, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) patterns and rhythmic stabilization exercise. Placebo training group received open kinematic chain exercises and relaxation training. Typical exercise session lasted approximately 20 minutes. After a period of eight weeks both the groups were measured on the criterion variables, which formed the final scores. Baseline data was compared with data after the study period. Data analysis was done using Student?s “t” test. The difference between the initial and final means was considered as the effects of neuromotorfacilitatory training on dynamic balance – a determinant of athletic performance. RESULTS 60 young adult males (mean age 21.62±1.12 yrs.) completed the study period of 8 weeks and were analysed for change in dynamic balance measures following intervention. Prior to participation in the treatment protocol, ECD measures were estimated for the subjects. Student?s” t” test indicated no significantdifference (p>0.05)between the two groups in the pre- test measures for nondominant as well as dominant leg.The measures of ECD after intervention were significantly higher (p0.05) between non-dominant and dominant leg instances (p=0.899 in group A and p=0.731 in Group B), thereby ruling out the role of dominance on dynamic balance ability assessment. Comparable effects on balance indicated by postural stability, have been reported by studies on athletes, and corroborates the findings of the present study. A 6-week neuromuscular training program designed to decrease occurance of ACL injuries reported improvement in objective measures of postural stability among high school female athletes.25Romero-Franco N, et.al. determined the effect of a 6-week specificsprinter proprioceptive training program on core stability and gravity centre control in sprinters and concluded that the training program provided postural stability with eyes open and improvements in gravity centre control measures.26 Proprioceptive training, and resultant improvements in gravity centre control measures may have contributed to enhancement of dynamic balance ability as indicated by the results of the present study. There were several limitations of the present study. Factors like height and weight, previous training of the subjects of any kind prior to six months of experimental treatment and life style habits of the students outside the college were not taken into consideration. The climatic conditions at the time of testing the subject may have influenced the results. Future trials may consider eliminating some of these probable influences. An inherent limitation of the present study was that it included only male subjects. Future trials may be performed with female subjects in order to generalize the results in young sedentary adults. Additionally the effects of neuromotorfacilitatory training may be evaluated in young adults actively involved in specific sports to find out the influence of training on the determinants of athletic performance and skills of the games.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded based on the results of the present study that an eight week duration of neuromotorfacilitatory training improved dynamic balance ability in sedentary young collegiate adults.Neuromotor facilitation techniques may be applied in athletic trainingin this population.Consequently, sporting events that require improvement of this specific attribute in the player may adopt the same as part of training.The results strengthen the evidence database that defines the role of exercise interventions based on neuro-rehabilitation in athletic training. The neuromotorfacilitatory training of the duration and frequency studied,that led to improvement in dynamic balance when compared to the control population which underwent placebo training,essentially comprised of proprioceptive and stabilization exercises targeting lower body. A placebo training group being used for comparison rescinds possible Hawthorne effect influencingoutcome evaluation variables following the exercise participation. The comparison with such a group also annuls the likelihood of learning effect on the results (as they are physically performed tasks). Though not worthy of indubitable establishment based on the conclusion, improvedbalance abilityseen following the intervention mayunderwrite reduction in the risk of injury and may even enhance other related variables of functional capacity / athletic performance.Determination of suchinfluences of the intervention studied would generate scope for the conclusions of the present studyto be taken further with greater implications in the field of training.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1245http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12451. Bahr R, Lian O. A two-fold reduction in the incidence of acute ankle sprains in volleyball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997;7: 172-7.
2. Caraffa A, Cerulli G, Projetti M, Aisa G, Rizzo A. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer. A prospective controlled study of proprioceptive training. Knee Surg Sports TraumatolArthrosc 1996;4:19-21.
3. Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, Noyes FR. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:699-705.
4. Holme E, Magnusson SP, Becher K, Bieler T, Aagaard P, Kjaer M. The effect of supervised rehabilitation on strength, postural sway, position sense and re-injury risk after acute ankle ligament sprain.Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999;9:104-9.
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10. Leanderson J, Eriksson E, Nilsson C, Wykman A, Proprioception in classical ballet dancers: a prospective study of the influence of an ankle sprain on proprioception in the ankle joint. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:370-374.
11. Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Cochrane JL, Ackland TR. External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1168-1175.
12. Cerulli G, Benoit DB, Caraffa A, Ponteggia F. Proprioceptive training and prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer. J Orthop Sports PhysTher. 2001;31:655-660.
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15. Tropp H, Askling C, Gillquist J. Prevention of ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med 1985;13:259-62.
16. Gauffin H, Tropp H, Odenrick P. Effect of ankle disk training on postural control in patients with functional instability of the ankle joint. Int J Sports Med 1988;9:141-4.
17. Hoffman M, Payne VG. The effects of proprioceptive ankle disk training on healthy subjects. J Orthop Sports PhysTher 1995;21:90-4.
18. Rozzi S, Lephart SM, Sterner R, Kuligowski L. Balance training for persons with functionally unstable ankles. J Orthop and Sport PhysTher 1999;29: 478-86.
19. Anderson K. Behm DG, The inpact of instability resistance training on balance and stability, Sports Med. 2005;35(1): 45-53
20. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD007146
21. Emery CA, Cassidy JD, Klassen TP, RosychukRJ,Rowe BH. Effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial CMAJ 2005; 172: 749–54.
22. Bird M, Hill KD, Ball M, Hetherington S, Williams AD, The long-term benefits of a multi-component exercise intervention to balance and mobility in healthy older adults. Arch GerontolGeriatr.2011;52(2):211-6
23. Vuillerme N, Teasdale N, Nougier V, The effect of expertise in gymnastics on proprioceptive sensory integration in human subjects. NeurosciLett. 2001;28;311(2):73- 6.
24. Garn SN, Newton RA, Kinesthetic awareness in subjects with multiple ankle sprains. PhysTher. 1988;68(11):1667-71
25. Paterno MV, Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes. J Orthop Sports PhysTher.2004;34(6):305-16.
26. Romero-Franco N, Martínez-López E, Lomas-Vega R, Hita-Contreras F, MartínezAmat A, Effects of proprioceptive training program on core stability and center of gravity control in sprinters. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(8):2071-7.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareSTUDY OF DUPLICATED HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL IN SOUTH INDIAN HUMAN SKULLS - ORIGINAL ARTICLE
English103105Siva nageswara Rao Sundara SettyEnglish Raja Sekhar KatikireddiEnglishDuplication of hypoglossal canal by a bony spicule is a rare phenomenon in human. The Hypoglossal nerve leaves the cranial cavity through the hypoglossal canal so the nerve might get trapped during the ossification process in the occipital bone may result in minor degrees of alterations in movements of the tongue. A total number of 50 south Indian skulls of Andhra Pradesh were studied for the duplicated hypoglossal canals because of their regional importance.
EnglishHypoglossal canal, Duplication, Hypoglossal nerve.INTRODUCTION
The hypoglossal canal (Anterior condylar canal) is directed laterally and slightly forwards deep to each occipital condyle and transmits the hypoglossal nerve, a meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery and an emissary vein from the basilar plexus [1]. Non metric cranial variants have been studied first by wood Jones [2] might be useful in Anthropological field. A special study was conducted on Non metrical human cranial variants of double hypoglossal canal [3]. Hypoglossal canal is clinically important in some pathological conditions like occipital bone fracture, congenital defects, Intra and Extra cranial neoplasm [4, 5, 6].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total number of 50 dried human skulls were collected from the Department of Anatomy Bhaskar medical college Yenkapally, Moinabad, Ranga Reddy District, Andhra Pradesh, South Indian region. The collected skulls were examined for doubled hypoglossal canals and calculated its incidence. The skulls were closely inspected by the use of hand lens for any variant bony specules and extra foramina.
RESULTS
The present study was conducted for duplicated hypoglossal canals in human skulls (FIG: 01). We have observed only one bilateral doubled hypoglossal canal out of the 50 skulls. The incidence of present cranial variant in south India was 2 %.
DISCUSSION
Cranial variants like all other variants were studied by some authors. According to Todd and Tracy [7] non metrical cranial variants has been a subject to study. According to Berry AC and Berry RJ [8] these variants were genetically determined and Wide range of these variants could be used to calculate distance statistics between population samples. The incidence of present cranial variant duplicated hypoglossal canal either bilaterally or unilaterally was recorded previously in different racial and regional populations like Nigeria (56) skulls 11.6%, Palestine (54) skulls7 %, Palestine modern (18) Skulls 8.3 %, Burma (51) Skulls 9.8%, Egypt (250) skulls 16.6 %, North America (50) Skulls 24 %, South America (53) Skulls 27.4 %, India (Punjab) (53) Skulls 17.9 %. According to S.H.H Zaidi [9] the incidence of Double hypoglossal canals in UP region of North India was 12.5 % (5 % bilaterally, 7.5 % unilaterally).A study conducted in 1998 reported 28.12% of cases, the hypoglossal canal was divided into two canals by a small bony spicule [10]. A study was conducted in 2004 on human and other mammalian species, The incidence of the duplicated hypoglossal canal was in 43% [11]. In the present study the incidence of cranial variant of the duplicated hypoglossal canal in Andhra Pradesh region of south India was 2 %.
CONCLUSION
Presence of Duplicated Hypoglossal canal in human population may be result in minor degrees of alterations in movements of the tongue while Hypoglossal nerve might get trapped during the ossification process in the occipital bone. The present study is given the significant conclusion and incidence of the Duplicated Hypoglossal canal in related to south Indian region.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful. To Dr. K V Vijaya saradhi (Professor), Dr. Mahopatra (Professor), Dr. N. Hima bindhu (Associate Professor), Mr. Mohd Abid ali (Assist. Professor), Dr. S. Parimala (Assist. Professor), Dr. B. Sirisha (Assist. Professor), Bhaskar Medical College for their kind cooperation and coordination and previous authors, publishers, editors of all of those articles, journals and books from where the literature of this article has been reviewed and discussed.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1246http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12461. Standring Susan. Gray’s Anatomy. The Anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39 th ed. Edinburg: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2005, pp- 461.
2. Wood Jones F. The Non metrical morphological characters of skulls as criteria for racial diagnosis.1993-1994; IV.J Anat. (68): 96-108.
3. Berry AC. Factors affecting the incidence of non metrical skeletal variants.1975; J Anat.120:519-535.
4. Canalis RF, Martin N, Black K, Ammirati M, Cheatham M, Bloch J, Becker DP. Lateral approach to tumors of the craniovertebral junction.1993; Laryngoscope: 103:343–349.
5. Schwaber MK, Netterville JL, Maciunas R. Microsurgical anatomy of the lower skullbase a morphometric analysis. 1990; Am J Otol: 11: 401–405.
6. Tanzer A .Roentgen diagnosis of hypoglossal nerve canal. Radiologe. 1975; 18: 42–48.
7. Todd T W, Tracy B. Racial features in American Negro cranium. Am J Phys Anthropol.1930; 15: 53-110.
8. Berry A C, Berry R J. Epigenetic variation in the human cranium. J Anat.1967; 101: 361- 380.
9. S.H.H Zaidi, Rakesh Gupta, Nema Usman. A study of hypoglossal canal in north Indian crania. J.Anat.Soc.India.2011; 60(2):224-226.
10. Bhuller A, Sanudo JR, Choi D, Abrahams PH. Intracranial course and relations of the hypoglossal nerve: An anatomic study. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 1998; 20: 109–112.
11. Wysocki J, Kobryn H, Bubrowski M, Kwiatkowski J, Reymond J, Skarzynska B. The morphology of the hypoglossal canal and its size in relation to skull capacity in man and other mammal species. Folia Morphol. (Warsz). 2004; 63: 11–17.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHT OF VARIANT MORPHOLOGIES OF PSOAS MINOR MUSCLE: A CASE REPORT
English106110S. GandhiEnglish N. GuptaEnglish A. ThakurEnglish A. AnshuEnglish V. MehtaEnglish R.K. Suri English G. RathEnglishPsoas minor is long, slender and functionally weak muscles that assist psoas major in flexing the trunk and spinal column. Psoas minor at its origin lies just in front of the psoas major muscle has small belly and long tendon like plantaris and palmaris longus muscle. Psoas minor receives its nerve supply from the ventral rami of L1 spinal nerves, which after piercing through the psoas major muscle enter into the muscular belly. In the present case, psoas minor muscle was found bilaterally in a 60 years old male formalin fixed cadaver. Bilaterally, the muscle depicted absence of fusion with adjacent psoas major and was found to exist independently. The distal insertion of the muscle was variable when compare to the contralateral peer. Moreover, in contrast to the muscular portion, the tendinous portion was remarkably lengthier. As the muscle is closely related to important neurovascular structures of retroperitoneum, it may compress them during its involvement in psoas minor syndrome and psoas abscess; yielding myriads of clinical signs and symptoms. The incidence and morphometric parameters of this inconsistent muscle are highly variable and had been frequently correlated with ethnic and racial characteristics. The current report reveals a case of bilateral existence of psoas minor and disparity in its morphometric attributes on either side. Against this background, analysis of deviation in structural architecture and its distribution in population has been attempted. To consolidate the scattered pieces of information about variability in different parameters of this muscle and reemphasize its significant role in radiographic and surgical procedures, a review of literature is constructed to appraise the medical persons working in related fields.
EnglishPsoas major, Psoas minor, Psoas minor syndrome, variationsINTRODUCTION
The Psoas minor muscle is a constituent of the posterior abdominal wall and lies ventral to the psoas major muscle. When present, it usually originates from the lateral sides of the body of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12), first lumbar vertebra (L1), and the intervening intervertebral disc. The short muscular part is continuous with a thin tendon, which is inserted into the iliopubic eminence, pectineal line of the pubis and laterally in the iliac fascia1,2. The psoas minor muscle have been found to flex the lumbar spine and tilts it sideways when contracting unilaterally3 , apart from providing stabilization to the hip joint 4 . It is classified as an inconsistent muscle 5 and is often absent 3 . It is considered the muscle with highest percentage of unilateral or bilateral agenesis, considered ranging from 40% to 66% in different populations2,5. In case of its existence, the thin tendon of this muscle can rarely arise from an expansion of the medial border of the psoas major muscle5 . Morphometric and morphological descriptions on the psoas minor muscle are scarce, discrete and unorganized in the literature and do not provide any conclusive anatomical information about the muscle. The aim of the present study is to reveal the anatomy of the psoas minor muscle, ascertain their origin and insertion points, analyze the possible dependent relationship between the fibers of the psoas minor and major muscles, neurovascular relations and determine the proportional relationship between the tendinous and muscular parts of the psoas minor. We also aim at providing an insight into the clinicosurgical importance of this variant muscle.
CASE REPORT
During the course of routine cadaveric dissection for undergraduate students of a 60 year old male cadaver, the posterior abdominal wall revealed the bilateral existence of well formed psoas minor muscle taking origin from the lateral surfaces of the body of T12 and LI vertebra and from intervening tendinous arch (fig. 1a and 1b). Bilaterally the psoas minor muscles were getting inserted onto the iliopubic eminence, the insertion being tendinous on the left side (fig1b) and tendinoaponeurotic that fuses with the iliac fascia on the right side. On further exploration, the length of left sided psoas minor measured as 10.5 cm and 12 cm for the muscular and tendinous part respectively (fig 1b). The maximum width of the muscle at muscular and tendinous part was 2.50 cm and 0.90 cm in that order (1b). On the right side, length of muscular belly and the variant tendinoaponeurotic part when compared to the left measured as 11 cm and 10.50 cm (fig1a). The maximum widths of muscular, tendinous and aponeurotic parts of the right sided psoas minor were 2.50 cm, 0.50 cm and 4.50 cm respectively (fig1a). The genitofemoral nerve, which pierced the psoas major muscle, oriented itself along the medial border of psoas minor muscle bilaterally. On both sides, the tendons of muscle were found positioned lateral to the external iliac artery. Bilaterally, they received the nerve supply from anterior division of L1 spinal nerve. No contracture, lump, tumor fixation or signs of injury were seen in the muscles. The cause of death of the case was apparently unrelated to previously mentioned variant findings.
DISCUSSION
The psoas minor muscle varies considerably in its morphology and morphometry. The possible variations in the morphology of psoas minor muscle can be broadly discussed and reviewed by taking into account the following parameters. Incidence of psoas minor- In majority, psoas minor muscle is deficient similar to commonly absent muscles like pyramidalis, psoas parvus, peroneus tertius, palmaris longus, and plantaris6 . In major studies, the incidence of existence of psoas minor was found to exhibit a range of findings such as 30% 6-9 . The relative discrepancy in frequencies is presumed to be correlated with the racial and ethnic differences in the population 6,10. They are illustrated in table1 Gender bias- The higher occurrence of this muscle in females compared to males6 had been contradicted in other study, where the gender bias was found to be insignificant7 . No scientific dictums regarding its probable correlation of its incidence with any particular gender was later established6 . Variations in origin and insertion- Usually it finds its attachment on the first two lumbar vertebras and the intervening intervertebral disc similar to present case. Infrequently it might originate through two heads, which may segregate partially or completely prior to its distal insertion on iliopubic eminence. Alternatively, its insertion may be erratically located at iliac fascia, inguinal ligament, neck of the femur or lesser trochanter in unison with psoas major. The tendinous insertion can bifurcate, leading to the attachment of additional aberrant band on the synchondrosis between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, apart from its usual insertion at iliopectineal line 6 . The muscle may merge with the pelvic or iliac fascia, through which it possibly gets attached to crural arch 6,11 which simulates the findings observed in right sided psoas minor in the current case. The duplication of psoas minor has also been seen in the past, where the first belly overlapped the other from before backwards6 . Infrequently, the ramifications of muscular fibers of psoas major yielding psoas minor have been mentioned as source of unusual origin6 . Proportional extent of muscular and tendinous parts- Remarkably long tendons of psoas minor muscle have been accounted in the precedent history 5,12. Absolute tendinous replacement of this muscle is also reported in different studies 6,13 . However, the literature provides inconclusive data on the proportional relationship between the extent of muscular and tendinous parts of the psoas minor. Side difference- although the relative absence of this muscle on the right side compared with the left is mentioned6 . The preferential presence on either side remains statistically unresolved. Probable functions of the muscle- Psoas minor, if present, exerts minimal contribution in the flexion of lumbar spine14,15, yet it reinforces psoas major in maintaining lordotic lumbar curvature through the sustained tone inherent in itself 15 . Comparative anatomy- psoas minor has been found to be well developed in hopping animals like marsupials, macrocelides, jerboa etc 6 .
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
The psoas minor syndrome is attributed to unusual high tone in psoas minor muscle and tendon 15 where, the patient complaints of pain in the lower quadrant of the abdomen. In addition, the pain was aggravated by palpation of the taut tendon in lean individuals presenting with acute abdomen 15. In this syndrome, there is the limited extension, which impairs ambulation. Tenotomy is the only treatment of choice, which relieves the symptoms. This remarkable entity may simulate the pain of appendicitis or diverticulitis localized in iliac fossae 15. Psoas minor, functioning as an adjunct to psoas major, may be variably involved in psoas compartment syndrome 16. The psoas minor muscle being a retroperitoneal structure lies in close proximity to important neurovascular structures in the posterior abdominal wall. Infections, hematoma and neoplasm localized in the retroperitoneal planes have propensity to involve the adjacent psoas fascia and muscle 17 . Moreover, as the cranial portion of psoas minor is placed posterior to crural attachment of diaphragm, any pathological collection within the confinement of fascia overlaying the muscle may gain access to endothoracic cavity. The comprehension of these muscular variations allows insight into the pattern of localization and spread of infection and malignancy in the retroperitoneal region of the body18. The space occupying lesions situated in psoas muscles may impinge on the related nerves of lumbar plexus leading to motor or sensory neurological deficits of lower limb 18. Psoas compartment block has been inferred as useful alternative in alleviation of postoperative pain following hip and knee surgeries; hence, the comprehension of morphological variations of psoas minor is imperative for success of such techniques19. The variant muscle as observed in the current case should not be confused with the retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Since the originating head of psoas minor lies in posterior relation of renal pelvis and neurovascular pedicles, it may interfere with the operative field in percutaneous nephrolithostomy. In aberrant lower spinal curvature correction surgeries, the role of lengthening of predominantly tendinous configuration of psoas minor must be considered. To address the lack of information in the literature regarding psoas minor muscle’s morphology, morphometry and its clinical implications, this case endeavor to provide detailed information about the muscle in order to expand knowledge of its clinical anatomy.
CONCLUSION
The clinicians and academicians have often overlooked the role of psoas minor owing to its relative scarcity of anatomicosurgical comprehension. The review of psoas minor and its crucial disposition in the retroperitoneum would serve to appraise and guide the interventional procedures and differential diagnosis of relevant simulating clinical conditions.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1247http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12471. O’Rahilly R. Anatomia de Gardener. 5th ed. Mexico: Nuvea Editorial Americana; 1986.
2. Williams P, Warwick R. Anatomy the Grays. 37th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1992.
3. Gray H. Anatomia. 29th ed. Rio di Janeiro: Guanabara Kougan; 1977.
4. Moore K, Dally K. Anatomia orienteda para a clinica. 5th ed. Rio di Janeiro: Guanabara Kougan; 2007.
5. Tellez V, Acuna L. Consideraciones Anatomicas de los Musculos Inconstantes. Med Unab; 1998.
6. Kraychete DC, Rocha APC, Castro PACR de. Psoas muscle abscess after epidural analgesia: case report. Rev. Bras. Anestesiol. 2007 Apr;57(2):195–8.
7. Donovan PJ, Zerhouni EA, Siegelman SS. CT of the psoas compartment of the retroperitoneum. Semin. Roentgenol. 1981 Oct;16(4):241–50.
8. Snell R. membro inferior. In: Snell P, editor. Anat. Clin. Para Estud. Med. 5th ed. Rio de janeiro; 1999.
9. Bergman R, Afifi K, Miyauchi R. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation, Virtual Hospital, University of Yowa, 2002, Yowa City, Yowa, USA, www.vh.org.
10. Mori M. Statistics on the musculature of Japanese. Folia Anat. Jap. 1964;195–300.
11. Gardener E, Gray D, O’Rahilly R. In: Gardener E, Gray D, O’Rahilly R, editors. Anat. Parede Abdom. Posterior. 4a ed. Rio di Janeiro: Guanabara Kougan; 1988. p. 356.
12. Lee J, Sagel S, Stanley R. Comput. Body Tomogr. Mri Correl. New York: Raven; 1989. p. 756–60.
13. Testut L, Latarjet A. Músculos del abdomen: región posterior o lumboiliaca. Tratado de anatomía humana. 9th ed. Barcelona: Salvat; 1976.
14. Pellegrino F, Tangelson C, Galiano L, Trevisan L, Sánchez G, Puricelli F. Criterios de homologación entre las cinturas escapular y pélvica y sus estructuras asociadas; Homologation criterion between the scapular and pelvic waists and their associated structures. Rev Chil Anat. 1998;16(1):75–82.
15. Travell J, Simons D. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual; Vol. 2., The Lower Extremities. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1998.
16. Klammer A. [Fascia compartment syndrome of the iliac-psoas compartment]. Z. Für Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb. 1983 Jun;121(3):298–304.
17. A Al-Zamil JTC. Psoas muscle hematoma-- an acute compartment syndrome. Report of a case. Vasa Z. Für Gefässkrankheiten J. Vasc. Dis. 1988;17(2):141–3.
18. Dyke JAV, Holley HC, Anderson SD. Review of Iliopsoas anatomy and pathology. Radiographics. 1987 Jan 1;7(1):53–84.
19. Touray ST, de Leeuw MA, Zuurmond WWA, Perez RSGM. Psoas compartment block for lower extremity surgery: a metaanalysis. Br. J. Anaesth. 2008 Dec;101(6):750–60.
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29HealthcareSTUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
English111114Navgire Varsha R.English Meshram Meena M.EnglishTuberculosis is one of the major health problems in developing countries. The aim of present study was to find out differences in dermatoglyphic patterns between diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients and normal healthy persons and to determine the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in studying genetic susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. The sample constituted 100 diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients (cases) and 100 unrelated healthy subjects (controls). Dermatoglyphic patterns studied were total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute finger ridge count (AFRC), ‘atd’ angle and finger tip patterns.The statistical analysis of data showed significant increase in total finger ridge count (TFRC) and absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases as compared to controls. The ‘atd’ angle in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases was lower than controls and that difference was statistically significant. This indicates that the axial triradius was placed proximally in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases than in controls. There were no statistically significant differences observed in fingertip patterns among pulmonary tuberculosis cases and controls.
EnglishPalmar dermatoglyphics, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Axial triradius, GeneticsINTRODUCTION
The skin on palms and soles is exclusively designed with epidermal ridges in various patterns. These patterns are characteristic of the individual and differ from one person to another. Dermatoglyphics is scientific study of epidermal ridges and their configurations on the volar aspect of palmar and plantar regions1 . Dermatoglyphic analysis can be added to the broad spectrum of diagnostic indications because ridge configurations are genetically determined. They are ‘permanent’ in that they are formed in the fetal stage, in intrauterine life and remain the same throughout life2 . Pulmonary Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a worldwide public health problem. Tuberculosis has been for many years the most important of human infections, in its global prevalence, devastating morbidity and massive mortality. Tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease; however twin studies indicate that susceptibility is an important risk factor3 . The importance of host genetic factors on the susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis has been emphasized by many workers. The susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis has been linked to Mannose binding protein gene4 and interleukin-1 gene clusters5 . The study was carried out to evaluate the significance of dermatoglyphics in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and to certain extent predict the chance of acquiring pulmonary tuberculosis from certain dermatoglyphics parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The sample included 100 diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the age group of 15-49 years and of both genders. Diagnosis of the patients were based on detailed history, clinical examination, chest X-ray and confirmed by sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli. Patients with sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis (At least two negative smears but tuberculosis suggestive symptoms and X-ray abnormalities or positive culture) 6 as well as with extra pulmonary tuberculosis were excluded from study. Also patients with deformities, infections, injuries, burns over fingers and palms of both hands were excluded from the study. The control group included 100 unrelated healthy subjects of identical age group. Dermatoglyphic prints were taken by ‘INK METHOD’ described by Cummins (1936)7 and Cummins and Midlo (1961)8 . The less amount of ink was placed on glass slab and it was uniformly spread by rubber roller to get thin even film, and this film of ink was applied on palm and digits of subjects. Prints were taken from right and left hand separately. These prints were immediately examined with magnifying hand lens for detail dermatoglyphic analysis. The qualitative study includes fingertip patterns (whorls, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches). The quantitative study includes total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) and ‘atd’ angle. All statistical analyses were done by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Chi-square test and Z-test. For statistical analysis of qualitative data Chi-square test and for quantitative data Z-test was applied. Results were tested at 5% level of significance.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
In present study, there was significant increase in total finger ridge count (TFRC) (p - 0.010) and absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) (p - 0.001) in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases as compared to controls There was significant decrease in ‘atd’ angle in right (p - 0.038), left (p - 0.008) and both hands (p - 0.004) of pulmonary tuberculosis cases as compared to controls. There were no statistically significant differences observed in fingertip patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis cases and controls.
DISCUSSION
Pulmonary Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is now becoming the major health problem in developing countries. Host genetic factors such as Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes are associated with the susceptibility of tuberculosis. As there is link between susceptibility of tuberculosis with genetic markers, present study was done to predict the genetic susceptibility of tuberculosis. Babu S S et al9 reported significant increase in total finger ridge count in cases as compared to controls. Present study also revealed a significant increase in total finger ridge count in cases (p < 0.05). A significant increase (p < 0.05) in absolute finger ridge count in pulmonary tuberculosis cases as compared to controls was observed in present study which was in accordance with finding of Babu SS et al9 . Babu SS et al9 reported significant decrease in the value of ‘atd’ angle in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases as compared to controls. In present study the value of ‘atd’ angle was found to be decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both hands of pulmonary tuberculosis cases which were similar with finding of Babu SS et al9 . This indicates that the triradius was placed proximally in both hands of tuberculosis cases than in controls. In present study the differences in all finger tip patterns were statistically not significant (p > 0.05). The findings in present study were matched with findings of Sidhu LS et al10, 11 and Chaudhari Jagdish et al12 but not in accordance with Viswanathan Geetha et al13 and Babu SS et al9 who found that whorl pattern was most common in cases and the difference was highly significant.
CONCULUSION
From the present study, it is possible to certain extent to predict the chance of acquiring pulmonary tuberculosis from certain dermatoglyphic parameters which are increased total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) and decrease in ‘atd’ angle. The dermatoglyphics can play an important role in revealing the individuals who are susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis owing to genetic constitution. It will also be contributory in the evaluation of genetic susceptibility to the disease of known contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis, so that appropriate intervention can be done.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1248http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12481. Cummins H, Midlo C. Palmar and plantar epidermal configurations (dermatoglyphics) in European Americans. Am J Phys Anthropol 1926; 9: 471-502.
2. Penrose LS, Ohara PT. The development of the epidermal ridges. J Med Genet 1973; 10: 201-208.
3. Park K. Epidemiology of communicable diseases. In: Park’s Textbook of preventive and social medicine. 21th ed. Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot publication; 2011. P. 168.
4. Selvaraj P, Narayanan PR, Reetha AM. Association of functional mutant homozygotes of the mannose binding protein gene with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in India. Tuber Lung Dis 1999; 79 (4): 221-227.
5. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV. Tuberculosis Lung Disease 1998; 79 (2): 83-89.
6. Park K. Epidemiology of communicable diseases. In: Park?s Textbook of preventive and social medicine. 21th ed. Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot publication; 2011. p 167.
7. Cummins H. Dermatoglyphic stigmata in mongolism idiocy. Anatomical record 1936; 64 (supplement - 2): 11.
8. Cummins H, Midlo C. Finger Prints, Palms and Soles: An Introduction to Dermatoglyphics. New York: Dover Publications; 1961.
9. Babu SS, Powar BP, Khare ON. Palmar dermatoglyphics in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Anat Soc India 2005; 54 (2): 64-66.
10. Sidhu LS, Bhatnagar DP, Malhotra R, Sodhi HS. Association of finger ball dermatoglyphics with pulmonary tuberculosis. Anthropol Anz 1977 Aug; 36 (1): 36-42.
11. Sidhu LS, Sharma A, Singal P, Bhatnagar DP. A study of relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis and palmar dermatoglyphic traits. Anthropol Anz 1978 Mar; 36 (3): 219-223.
12. Chaudhari Jagdish, Sarvaiya Bharat, Patel SV. A study of palmar dermatoglyphics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Bhavnagar district. NJIRM 2011 April-JuneSpecial; 2 (2): 50-52.
13. Viswanathan G, Krishnan M, Kalyani GS. Analysis of fingertip dermatoglyphics of tuberculosis patients. J Ecobiology 2002; 14 (3): 205-210
Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241514EnglishN2013July29TechnologyPERFORMANCE FORECAST OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SOURCE SYSTEM MODEL
English115120E. Jensi MiriamEnglish S. AmbalavananEnglishPhotovoltaic energy source model is designed in this work and its performance is evaluated. For this study of daily measurements of the global solar radiation over a period has been attempted .The equation for the estimation of global solar radiation is designed and validated. The validation of this model is compared with experimental results obtained at local solar station. This simulation comparison is based on sampled local climatic data of sunny and sunless day. On a day, Panel generates power from dusk to dawn and its various level of radiation during every hour is noted at the normal temperature and battery available capacity is also noted. Obtained results show that both models simulation are quite satisfactory. These results should help system engineers to choose the right control strategies and the battery industry to choose and develop appropriate batteries for PV applications.
Englishsolar radiation model, PV energy source, Performance forecast of PV system, panel power output, PV module.INTRODUCTION
In this study a statistical analysis of total solar radiation were made .Total daily solar radiation is considered as the most important parameter in the performance of renewable energy systems, particularly in sizing PV power and solar systems. The presence of clouds and rains would reduce the amount of irradiation delivered to a particular site due to scattering and absorption [1]. Insolation (INcoming SOLar radiATION) is a measure of the solar energy striking a unit surface area in a unit time. It determines how much electrical power a photovoltaic solar panel will deliver – the more sunlight you have, the more power you get [2]. The stand alone solar photovoltaic street lighting system comprises of a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL lamp) as light source, rechargeable lead acid battery for storage, PV modules for charging a battery .Deep cycle batteries should always be used for stand-alone PV system. A photovoltaic module is the basic element of each photovoltaic system. It consists of many jointly connected solar cells .Solar cells are a renewable, non-polluting source of energy that are increasingly used for hybrid (solar panels and grid) or stand-alone applications. This program allows the users to determine at any moment the performance of the PV installation by comparing the PV electric energy produced and the required consumption load conversion from solar to photovoltaic electric energy is one of the mostly direct usages of solar energy [3]. Computer simulation techniques can be used to test the performance of various components of the PV system. Photovoltaic conversion is the direct transformation of solar energy into immediately usable direct electric current. The current and power outputs of photovoltaic modules are approximately proportional to sunlight intensity. At a given intensity, a module’s output current and operating voltage is determined by the characteristics of the load. So it is very much necessary to operate the PV at its maximum power point. The PV module shortcircuit current is directly proportional to the insolation. A module with a rating of 17 volts will put out less than its rated power when used in a battery system. Most panels are rated in watts of power that can theoretically be produced on a high intensity day. A 40 watt panel with a 12V output will therefore be capable of generating 40W / 12V = 3.3 amperes peak current. In reality, these peak currents are normally not achieved, and true outputs are about 80 to 90% of the ratings. To maintain continuous operation of a load, it is therefore necessary to have a reserve battery that can be discharged and recharged upon demand. To prevent an overcharge condition on the lead acid battery, it is necessary to use a solar regulator board between the panel and the battery [4-5].
METHODOLOGY
Larger panels produce more power than smaller panels. Bright sunshine produces more power than cloud cover. Time of year may also affect output: solar intensity is reduced in winter. Finally, snow or other materials covering the panel may reduce or cut off power output. Time of year also affects the duration of light available to the panel. In middle latitudes, summer days may have 14 hours of daylight, while winter days may have as few as ten hours. In higher latitudes, daylight hours may be even further reduced. Estimating the average solar radiation over a period, Gives how much power the solar panel will generate. Assume that the sun averages at different level of radiations over a period of 8 hours per day .The current generated by the solar panel is proportional to the ratio of the actual solar radiation to 1000 W/m2 multiplied by Isc. Therefore, the average current would be, I avg = (G /1000) W/m² * I sc and G = Level of radiation (100 to 1000 W/m²).
Amp – Hours is equal to the average current multiplied by the number of hours at this current. Panel power output is calculated by the panel voltage multiplied by Ampere hour .It has been noted From figure (1) that the short circuit current (ISC) of the solar cell decreases when irradiance is less than 1000 Wm2 irrespective of the working temperature of the cell. In the proposed system, the irradiance level is considered to vary, solar radiation level G changes from 100 to 1000 W/m². From figure (2) it is seen that standard program is created for calculating panel power for different solar panel .Thus different database table is created using solar radiation model programmed in Visual basic 6.0 for corresponding solar panel used for different applications. Therefore table 1 shows the behavior of battery ON-TIME charging with corresponding panel power output at different hours of a day for 40W panel. Solar radiation data which is collected in our station is in terms of lux. The lux is the unit of luminance in the International System of Units. It is defined in terms of lumens per meter squared (lm/m2 ) .An alternative unit is the watt per meter squared (W / m 2 ).
This solar radiation model future compares the panel power output of field data. Thus the calculating cum simulation is made for different rated panels. Table 2 shows maximum panel output power for different rated panels. Using this proposed model, we can create a database of the panel power output for various rated panels. This type of data analysis is more suitable in making initial determination of panel power output of the particular rated panel.
To calculate the power generated by the total solar radiation falling on a panel during insolation per day and the results of panel power output of PV stand alone lighting model for various sunny and sunless days are made using this new proposed model. Panel current generated at any time are simulated and the behavior of a PV module at different level of radiance is designed using this proposed model. This physical modeling technique does not require the knowledge of internal system parameters, involve less computational effort and offer a compact solution for multivariable problems.
During analyzing, curve fitting technique is implemented to get smooth relationship between these data’s. Different month’s lux value is calculated and smoothed. Figure 3.shows typical data on clear (sunny) days maximum lux is 90,000/mm2 and Typical data on cloudy (sun less) day maximum lux is 30,000/mm2 .Error estimation method is carried out using sigma plot so as to get relationship between measured and predicted data. These data are compared with the simulated proposed model and shown in figures 4 and 5 respectively. From the result it is seen that our model predicts to a larger extent the output of solar panel within experimental limitations.
CONCLUSION
This study tries to develop one simple, practical, yet more accurate radiation model for describing the characteristics of the power output of PV modules. Estimated radiation models to compute solar radiation has been compared with the corresponding measured values. Simulated results from the model under the same operating and environmental conditions are compared with those observed from the experimental tests. Good agreement is found in the comparison. Slight discrepancies appearing in the results are described and recommendations are given for further improvement. This type of simulation can save a large amount of time and money. We can often explore a large number of scenarios very quickly. The result will help system engineers to choose the right control strategies for panel and batteries.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors are thankful to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India and council of scientific and industrial research for the support to carry out this work.
Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=1249http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=12491. Hamrouni Jr N, Aidi M, Cherif A. New control strategy for 2-stage grid connected photovoltaic power system. Renewable Energy 2008;33(08):2212-21
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