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IJCRR - 6(2), January, 2014

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PRAGMATIC APPROACH TOWARDS THE ROLE OF HIJAMAT IN IRQUNNASA (SCIATICA) - A REVIEW

Author: Mohammed Sheeraz, Zaheer Ahmed, Mirza Ghufran Baig, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamari

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Unani scholars managed certain ailments since antiquity by regulating the metabolic process through various modes of treatment. Ibnesina (Avicenna) has advocated certain principles of treatment. Regimenal therapy is one such core method of treatment through which the morbid matter is eliminated, its excessive production is checked or its spread is arrested and resolved by certain special techniques and there by restoring humoral equilibrium. One such procedure is Hijamat (Cupping).Hijamat is an Arabic word derived from the term ?Hajm' which stands for volume, but technically used for sucking. It also means ?to minimize?, ?to restore to basic size? or ?to diminish the volume?.Neuralgic pains of lower limbs are one of the commonest manifestations of Irqunnasa (Sciatica). The overall incidence of this condition is projected to be between 13% and 40% with the malady has the potential to become chronic and obstinate with large socioeconomic ramifications. Irqunnasa is mostly managed by the mainstream therapists either by medication or surgical intervention or sometimes both. The consequence of evidence based medicine in terms of high cost, disease centric management and its associated side effects warrantsaviable alternative.A meticulous attempt has been made to explore the utility of this age old regimen in the management of Irqunnasa (sciatica).

Keywords: Hijamat, Cupping, Irqunnasa, Sciatica, Unani medicine

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Unani system of medicine has grown out of fusion and thoughts of diverse knowledge and experiences. Its origin can be traced back to the fourth and fifth century B.C when it was first propounded by Bukhrat (Hippocrates) in Greece. According to its principles and philosophy, maintenance of health, disease and its manifestations are innate process, hence proper and normal functioning of the bodily process must be ensured to maintain health. Any disturbance in the normal humoral balance whether it is excess, diminution or blockage leads to disease. Unani scholars managed certain ailments since antiquity by regulating the metabolic process through various modes of treatment. According to Ibne sina1 (Avicenna) the principles of treatment are: 1. Ilaj bit tadbeerwaTaghzia (Regimenal and Dieto therapy) 2. Ilaj bid dawa (Drug therapy) 3. Ilajbilyad (Surgery) Regimenal therapy is one such core method of treatment through which the morbid matter is eliminated, its excessive production is checked or its spread is arrested and resolved by certain special techniques and there by restoring humoral equilibrium. One such procedure is AlHijamah

Al Hijamah

Hijamah is an Arabic word derived from the term ?Hajm‘ which stands for volume, but technically used for sucking. It also means?to minimize?, ?to restore to basic size? or ?to diminish the volume?. Hij?mat is an ancient method which was particularly used among the Chinese, Babylonians, Egyptians and Greeks etc. The pottery cups, hollowed out animal horns and bamboo cups were used commonly for the purpose.2, 3.The importance of this regimen can be gauged from the noble saying of blessed messenger of Islam Hazrat Mohammed ?Indeed the best of remedies you have is Hijama.?4 Basically Hijamat is of two types, but procedurally it is of three types: 5, 6 1. HijamatBilShart (Wet Cupping / Cupping with scarification) 2. HijamatBilaShart (Dry Cupping / Cupping without scarification) 3. Hijamat Bin Nar (Fire Cupping)

Hijamat Bil Shart (Wet Cupping / Cupping with

scarification) It is truly a regimen for Tadbeer Istefragh (bloodletting technique) where Damavi Madda (Sanguinous matter) is involved as a cause of the disease and needs elimination. Accordingly several places in human body are specified for application of Hijamah.

Hijamat Bila Shart

(Dry Cupping) It is a technique through which vacuum is created by applying cups / horn / clay pot etc. by placing over muscular surface of the human body. This procedure can be carried out by two methods: 1. Hijamat Bila Naar (Cupping without fire) 2.Hijamat Bin Naar / Mehjama Nariya (Fire Cupping)

Hijamat Bila Naar (Cupping without fire)

This procedure can be performed by several methods: 1. By placing horn and sucking orally 2. By placing cups and suctioned manually 3. By placing cups and sucked through suction machine 5, 6

Hijamat Bin Naar / Mehjama Nariya (Fire

Cupping) This procedure also can be done by different techniques. 1. Flamed alcohol soaked cotton at the base of brass / steel / ceramic / clay material 2. Flamed paper / cotton / cloth / wooden piece poured into the glass and applying 3. Flamed camphor / spirit soaked cotton kept over coin and placing glass / cups / clay material etc.5, 6, 7

General Principles of Hijamat

Ibne Sina has discussed about Hij?mat b eside its description in detail and has pointed out certain important principles which are as follows: 1. It should be carried out in the mid of lunar month because the humours are fully agitated at this time. 2. It should be done in after noon because this is the most moderate time of the day. 3. It should be done preferably in summer season because the consistency of the humours remains thin so it easily enters the microvasculature and can easily be eliminated through Hijamat. 4. It should be performed in those whose blood is less viscous. 5. The person should be given stomachic tonic and divergent beverages prior to Hij?mat. 6. It should be avoided in obese persons for the fear of Kasrat-e-Tahallul (excessive resolution). 7. It should be avoided below two years and above sixty years of the age since the humours are viscid in these age groups. 8. It should be avoided immediate after bath because the skin becomes thicker so it needs deeper incision to take out the blood, which causes severe pain and leads to weakness and the persons having viscid blood should be exempted as they need a deep incision. 9. It should be avoided after coitus. 10.It should be avoided after vigorous exercises for fear of dehydration and general weakness with the exception of thick blood (increased haematocrit).1,2

METHOD / PROCEDURE

The patient is made comfortable as indicated position for Hij?mat (sitting or lying position) and the required area to be cupped are exposed. If the area is hairy then shaving is required in order to fix the cups firmly on the body. Otherwise their adhesion with the skin will not be complete and air can infiltrate into the cups and adhesive force of cup fails. Thereafter, the area is sponged with warm water to increase the blood circulation towards it. Then the piece of paper which is made in the form of cone is burned with the help of candle or lamp. After wards the burning paper is inserted into the cup and opening of the cup is placed on the skin of the particular area. In turn, the burning paper will burn a big quantity of air inside the cup, as a negative pressure inside the cup will be created making firm adhesion of the cup over the area. Ultimately there will be increased circulation locally making the area highly congested. The pulling effect over the skin and the increased temperature inside the cup is responsible for superficial vaso dilatation which in turn further increases the vascular circulation. Due to this plethora of blood cups tend to pull the skin for a while and prevents the assembled blood from mixing with the circulation to a certain degree. After fifteen to twenty minutes cup is removed from the body. The cup is removed by holding its belly between the thumb and forefinger of one hand and simultaneously depressing the skin of adjacent area by the other hand. This is the method of Hij?mat-e-NariyaBilaShart, when its purpose is to increase the blood flow or to divert the humours towards the site of Hij?mat. In case of Hij?mat-e-Nariya bil- Shartafter the above procedures, the area is disinfected with medical antiseptics. Thereafter few nicks are given on the congested area of the skin by the edge of a sharp sterile blade and the cup is again fixed on the site quickly which starts sucking the blood. Cups remain fixed until the process of sucking gets completed then the cup filled with blood is removed as mentioned above and area is properly cleaned with anti-septic and sterile dressing is done finally. Hij?mat-e-Ghair-Nariyais also done in the same manner but the method of fixing and removing the cups is different. With the advent of new techniques and tools, cups have become highly modified and sophisticated. Such modified cups are provided with a valve at the top and a hand operated pump. To fix the cup on an area its edges are kept over the skin and the air inside the cup is sucked out with the help of suction pump so as to create the vacuum. Similarly when the cup is needed to be removed the valve is simply pulled up with the help of thumb and fore finger. This pulling of valve will permit the air in the cup and it will be detached by itself.8,9

Essential Tools/Kit

G lass cups, Vacuum pump, Medical antiseptics, Lamp or Candle, Small paper, Sterilized gloves, Sterilized medical scalpel,Cotton roll, Sterilized gauze, Micro pore tape, Razor to remove the hair of the site if needed.8,9

I Indications

? To prevent the passing of food from stomach before digestion as in the case of Zalaq -ulAm’?, Hijamat is applied on epigastrium to aid the digestion. ? To divert the material from one place to another, as in case of menorrhagia where cups are applied below the bust line. ? When the abscess is deep and contains excessive pus and difficult to drain completely, cup is placed on the opening of the abscess to suck out the pus completely. ? When the swelling is in any important viscera thencups are applied ona relatively less important organ to divert the morbid material from the visceral organ.

? When there is any indication to warm up any particular organ, which has become cold, in Mehjama -Nariya is preferable. ? When the air accumulates in any part of the body the application of Hij?mat on the same part is beneficial, in particular, Hij?mat-eNariya is more effective in intestinal colic due to flatulence. ? Hij?mat is also done to relieve severe pain in any part of the body. This purpose is achieved either due to the diversion of materials away from the site of pain or removal of trapped air.Therefore Hij?matis indicated in sciatica on medial and dorsal aspect of thigh. ? Hij?mat is supportive in restoring the normal size of an atrophied organ ? Hij?mat is also helpful in restoring the normal size of hyper trophied organ. The purpose is achieved by applying the cups in the surrounding area which diverts the material to the site of the Hij?mat and leads to reduction in size of organ.1, 2, 8

Utility of Hij?mat in the Treatment of Irqunnasa R?zi stated in his book, Al-H?wi, under the treatment of Irqunnasa (Sciatica), and Waja-ul Mafasil(Arthritis) ?In case of Irqunnasa‘ enema is more useful than purgation, but if thick humors are collected in hip joint then Hij?mat becomes mandatory and has a big advantage over other methods?. In case of Irqunnasa’R?zi further states, ?Hijamat-bil-Shart and Hij?mat-Bila-Shart will be done over hip when disease starts from the site of pain.? He further states, ?If the humors become thick in the affected joint due to improper treatment Hij?mat (cupping) becomes very useful for this condition.10? In Kaamil-us-Sana‘a, pertaining to the treatment of Irqunnasa it is written, ?When the disease becomes chronic and there is no relief in using the drug treatment, then it is essential to use Hij?mat

e-Nariya as it sucks the material from the joints towards the skin?.11 Ibne Sina writes under the treatment of Irqunnasa that if the drug treatment is unable to treat the problem then Hij?mat (cupping) with and without scarification over the hip will be helpful.1 ? Ismail Jurjani has elaborated Hij?mat under the treatment of Waja-ul- Warik and Waja-ul-Aqab. He states it is preferable to keep the patient on fast and advise him exercise after the general evacuation, if his lifestyle is sedentary. If these Tadabeer (measures) are unable to relieve the disease then only morbid humors are to be taken out towards the surface of affected area. This purpose is attained by Hijamat-e- Nariya (cupping with fire). Repeated attempts of Hij?mat by sucking of liberal amount of blood generally relieve the condition by eliminating morbid materials from the joints.12 In the management of Irqunnasa, Azamkhan quotes, ?Lastly those Tad?beer(measures) should be carried out which have Muhallil (Antiinflammatory) and Mulattif (Demulcent) effects and take out the deep seated materials to the body surface. Hijamat (Cupping), Muhammir (rubifacient) paste and the Tila of garlic, onion, Nargis, Baladur and Fig are included in these Tad?beer, but along with these, some laxative drugs should also be added otherwise there may be dryness inthe joints.?13 This reveals that Hijamah not only induce evacuation and diversion but it has antiinflammatory and demulcent effect as well. According to Kabeeruddin ?The treatment of Irqunnasa’ is similar to that of Waja-ul-Mafasil and Waja-ul-Warik in few aspects, thus the Hij?mat and T?leeq can also be regarded useful in the treatment of Waja-ul-Mafasil.? The above quotation reveals that Hij?mat is useful in the treatment of Irqunnasa, Waja-ul-Mafasil as well as Waja-ul-Warik.14 

DISCUSSION

Though Hijamah has been in practice since centuries to treat various types of pain in Unani medicine, this review paper is a concerted attempt to bring it to medical domain for the larger benefit. In our study which has been carried out in the National Institute of Unani medicine, India as part of M.D(Unani) thesis, scientific validation of the regimen ? Mehjama Nariya and Hijamat Bila Shart was undertaken in cases of Irqunnasa. The study has revealed that both the regimen are equally effective in alleviating the symptoms of Irqunnasa with statistical significance (p>0.001)8 . Various theories are put forth as to the benefits of the Hijamat Bila Shart; one theory suggests that with the increase in circulation over the area of procedure, the morbid matter is eliminated from the desired area. Another theory which is proposed is the Unani concept of Imaale mawaad (diversion of matter) from one place to other. Placebo effect of cupping is also proposed by some physicists. From a biophysical point, the negative pressure created by physical stimulation in the cup triggers local metabolism, promotes phagocytosis resulting in pain alleviation. The site of cupping not only improves circulation but also provide nutrition.5, 6, 15 Cupping without bloodletting works on the principal of Imaale-mawaad.i.e. diversion of morbid humours from one site to another. In case of Mehjama Nariya, due to combustion of air inside the cups, the air becomes warm, and helps in retracting the muscular surface, causing pulling of the area beneath the cups immediately after its application resulting in relief of pain.16 Blood cupping has a neuro modulating input into central nervous system activating CNS multiple analgesia systems and stimulating pain modulation system to release neuro transmitters such as endogenous opioids.17 These substances including β-endorphin pain signals in the spinal cord and emotional aspect pain by acting on the limbic system.18 Another possible mechanism that may explain the analgesic effect of cupping therapy is that vigorous sensory stimulation can produce a sharp decrease in pain for varying periods of time due to blocking of messages from sensory nerves carrying pain impulses by faster moving impulses, this mechanisms is called ?gate control theory.19 Bloodletting cupping might exert effects on inflammation in that injury to the skin leads to release of β-endorphin and adreno cortical hormone into circulation. Both are helpful in blocking the inflammation in arthritis.20 The physiological mechanism through which wet cupping might function remains unknown. It has been suggested that the effects of wet-cupping can be divided into several components, including neural, hematological, immune and psychological effects. In particular, the ??pain suppression‘‘ mechanism of wet-cupping might be through influence on three neurological systems: (a) the ??analgesia‘‘ system in the brain and spinal cord (including the periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas, the Raphamagmus nucleus, the Nucleus reticularis and Paragigantocellularis); (b) the brain‘s opiate system (endorphins and enkephalins), and (c) most influential, through inhibition of pain transmission by simultaneous tactile sensory signals. Moreover, diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) might contribute partially to the pain-relieving effect witnessed.21, 22 An alternate hypothesis also plausible is that wet cupping may function in a manner similar to acupuncture. Finally very few studies have been carried out on these procedures, hence the need to analyze thoroughly the literary aspect of the regimen to explore new vistas.

CONCLUSION

Hijamat plays a vital role in the management of Irqunnasa provided the regimen is judiciously used with all the given facts taken in to consideration. Besides the fundamental importance of this therapeutic methodology there is a problem of lack of uniform standard operative procedures. It therefore apparently seems essential to standardize it and to develop certain scientific parameters for evaluation of the efficacy of this therapy as it is cost effective, user friendly devoid of adverse effects. Hence scientific studies are being under taken to validate this age old regimen in different Unani research institutions of India so that the benefits may be reaped by large section of society. This therapy must also be evaluated for prophylactic use so that some of the impending attacks / bouts of disease can be averted.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Authors duly acknowledge the coordination and cooperation extended by the library staff of Central library, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore in collecting the literature pertaining to the manuscript, authors whose references quoted and the journal reviewers for pointing out certain discrepancies. There is no any conflict of interest.

 

 

References:

REFERENCES

1. Ibne Sina. Al Qanoon Fit Tib (Urdu translated by Kantoori GH). Vol 3. New Delhi: Idara Kitabushifa; 2007.p. 1120-21.

2. Nayab Md. Clinical study on effects of Hijamat (Cupping therapy) in the management of Waja-ul Mafasil [dissertation].Bangalore: NIUM.RGUHS;2007.p. 33-57.

3. GhassanJ. Tib-ul-Hijamah. Beirut: Dar-ulHarf-il-Arabi; 2005.p. 14, 54-55.

4. Bukhari AAMBI. Sahih Bukhari sheriff (Urdu translation). Vol3. New Delhi: Farid Book Depot; 1990. 314: 5371.

5. Akhtar J, Siddiqui MK. Utility of cupping therapyHijamatin Unani medicine. Indian journal of traditional knowledge. 2008. Oct; 7(4): 572- 4.

6. Huang Shixi, Cao Yu. Cupping Therapy, Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2006 Oct. 82:52-7.

7. Maseehi AAFIQ. Kitab ul Umda Fil Jarahat (Urdu translation). Vol 1. New Delhi: CCRUM; YNM.p.200.

8. Sheeraz MD. A comparative clinical study on the effects of Mehjama Nariya and Hijamat Bila Shart in Irqunnasa (Sciatica).[Dissertation].Bangalore:NIUM.RG UHS;2013.61-65, 70-95

9. Sheeraz MD, Zaheer Ahmed, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri. Concept and Management of Irqunnasa (Sciatica) in Unani system of Medicine – A Review. AARJMD.2013.Volume-1, Issue-13:205-18.

10. R?zi ABMBZ. Al Havi Fit Tib. Vol.11. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2004.p. 75-77, 84, 88, 96, 99, 114, 129, 174.

11. Majusi AHAIA. Kamilussanaa. New Delhi: Idarae kitabushifa; 2010.p.543, 574.

12. Jurjani MI. Zakheerae Khuwarizm Shahi (Urdu translation of Hakim Hadi Hussain). New Delhi: Idare kitabushifa; 2010. p. 637, 649, 650.

13. Khan MA. Al Ikseer. (Urdu translation by Hakim Kabeeruddin). Vol.2. New Delhi: Ejaz publishing house; 2003.p.1451- 53.

14. KabeeruddinM. Tarjuma waSharhKulliyatee-Nafeesi. Vol2.New Delhi: Idara-e-Kitab ulShifa; 1954.p. 453-54.

15. Khan HA. Majmaul Bahrain. Lucknow: Matba Munshi Naval Kishore; 1294. p. 523.

16. Ali M, Shukla VD, Dave AR, Bhatt NN. A clinical study of Nirgunda Ghana Vati and Maatra Basti in the management of Gridhrasi with special reference to sciatica. AYU Journal. 2010. 31(4):456.

17. Bowsher D. Mechanisms of acupuncture. In: Filshie J, White A, eds. Medical acupuncture: a Western scientific approach. London, England: Churchill Livingstone ; 1998. p. 69- 82. 

18. Petti F, Bangrazi A, Liguori A, Reale G, Ippoliti F. Effects of acupuncture on immune response related to opioid-like peptides. J Tradit Chin Med.1998. Mar; 18(1): 55-63.

19. Baldry. Trigger point acupuncture. Medical acupuncture a Western scientific approach, New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1988. p. 38.

20. Sack K E, Fye K H. Rheumatic Diseases, Ch. 33, in Medical Immunology by Stites D P, Terr A I, Parslow T G, Applen and Lang; Shealy C N; 1996.p. 456-479,

21. Sahbaa M Ahmed, Nour H Madbouly, Soheir S Maklad and Eman A Abu-shady. Immunomodulatory effects of bloodletting cupping therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Egyptian journal of immunology. 2005; 12 (2): 39-51.

22. Khosro Farhadi, David C Schwebel, Morteza Saeb, Mansour Choubsaz, Reza Mohammadi, Ali reza Ahmadi. The effectiveness of wetcupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2009; 17: 9—15.

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A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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