International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 6(3), February, 2014

Pages: 46-52

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RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE : A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Author: Vijaya Sorganvi, M. S. Kulkarni, Deepak Kadeli, Suhasini Atharga

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Stroke is global health problem and is a leading cause of disability. It is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In rapid increase in burden of stroke in coming years and limited availability of stroke care in India, it would be better to study stroke prevention strategies. The current hospital based case-control study was undertaken with aim, to identify the risk factors for stroke. Material and Method: Study was carried out in BLDEU?s Shri B M Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre. A prospective case-control, age and sex matched study was designed to find the risk factors. Cases: The study consisted of 100 hospitalized computed demography (CT) scan proved cases of stroke. Controls: The controls were selected from patients who attended the study hospital for conditions other than stroke (confirmed with CT scan). For each case of stroke, one control was selected. The controls were matched to cases in respect to age (\? 5 years), sex. One hundred controls were selected in the same manner. Results: Bivariate analysis included odds ratio and its 95% confidence intervals were indentified, hypertension (0R=3.807), diabetes (0R=3.473), hypercholesteremia (OR=3.768), obesity (0R=2.471), smoking (0R=2.42), family history of stroke (OR=2.359), and transient ischemic attack (OR=2.006) as a risk factors for stroke. Conclusion: This is a study that quantifies the contribution of different factors to the overall risk of stroke. Finding that, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes are the biggest risk factors for all type of strokes is important because like many other factors, these are modifiable risks, that can be treated by appropriate medication and life style changes.

Keywords: Stroke, Risk factors, case-control study, odds ratio, 95% confidence interval.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

It has been suggested that no single medical measure could makes as much as contribution to the quality of life in old age as prevention of cerebro-vascular disease. An understanding of the etiological factors that contribute to the onset of stroke is required in order to assess the potential for stroke prevention (1). Stroke is global health problem and is a leading cause of disability. It is one of leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Approximately 20 million people each year will suffer from stroke (2). And of these 5 million will not survive. Developing countries accounts for 85% of global deaths from stroke (3). Stroke is also a leading cause of impairment with 20% of survivors requiring institutional care after 3 months and 15% - 30% being permanently disabled (4). It is a life changing event that affects not only the person who may be disabled, but their family and caregivers. India with more than 1 billion inhabitants is undergoing remarkable economic and demographic changes in recent years, resulting in a transition from poverty - related infections and nutritional deficiency diseases towards lifestyle related cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular diseases(5,6). Despite rapid economic boom, a large segment of the Indian population still lives in poverty. Given the anticipated increase in burden of stroke incoming years. The prevalence of stroke in India varies in different regions of country and the estimated prevalence rates increases from 0.3/1000 in <45 years age group to 12-20/1000 in the 75-84 years age group. (7) Approximately 12% of all strokes occur in a population < 40 years of age. (8) It is generally acknowledged that stroke is a multifactorial condition. A number of risk factors have been shown to be associated with stroke namely age, sex, hypertension, serum cholesterol, alcohol intake, smoking diabetes mellitus obesity, physical inactivity, family history of transient ischemic attack and dietary factors. However, their relative contribution in the outcome of stroke varies from study to study and from population to population (9- 20). In rapid increase in burden of stroke in coming years and limited availability of stroke care in India, it would be better to study on population based stroke prevention strategies, because preventive methods will reduce the incidence of stroke. So in view of the increasing incidence, high health care costs and the potential for prevention of stroke a current study was undertaken to identify the important risk factors contributing to the outcome of stroke.

METHODS

The present study was carried out at BLDEU?s Shri B M Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur India. The study was designed as age ( and sex matched case control study.

CASES

The study consisted of 100 hospitalized computed demography (CT) scan proved cases of stroke. The recruitment of cases in the study was performed prospectively and only incident cases (first ever in the lifetime) were included. Hence we did not include cases who had a past history of any type of stroke.

CONTROLS

The controls were selected from patients who attended the study hospital for conditions other than stroke (confirmed with CT scan). For each case of stroke, one control was selected. The controls were matched to cases in respect to age (± 5 years), sex. One hundred controls were selected in the same manner.

SAMPLE SIZE

A pilot study, using the method described below, was performed to determine the sample size and for assessing the feasibility of the study. Six risk factors for stroke were determined in 30 randomly selected stroke cases admitted in medicine wards and equal number of age and gender matched controls admitted to diseases other than stroke in the same medicine wards. The odds ratio of six risk factors were estimated. An average odds ratio 3.0 and prevalence of hypertension in general population 10%,(21) allowable error of 5% and with 90% the power of study, sample size calculated was 93 (Lwanga SK and Lemeshow S)22. Hence a total of 100 cases and equal number of controls were finally included in the study.

RISK FACTORS

Eight risk factors namely hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol, smoking, alcohol consumption, waist to hip ratio, family history of stroke and transient ischemic attack were identified. Subject were considered to have hypertension if they had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmhg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm hg. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. If a subject had fasting blood glucose level was ≥120 mm/dl. On admission we have considered only those who currently smoked cigarettes, which was defined as smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day for more than 6 months. We defined alcohol consumption as a person who has consumed alcohol atleast once a day for a minimum period of 6 months. Transient ischemic attack defined as abrupt onset of focal neurological deficit lasting less than 24 hours. Subjects were considered to have obesity only when waist hip ratio was ≥0,9 cm in males and ≥0.8 cm in females. And if participants had serum cholesterol ≥220mg/dl, were considered as hypercholesterolemia. Statistical Analysis Bivariate analysis on matched pairs was carried out. Odds ratio, their 95% confidence interval (CI), Chi square test was calculated for all the risk factors. The continuous type of data namely Age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar level, waist to hip ratio and serum cholesterol level were presented with mean ± SD and were compared by using unpaired „ test and Mann Whitney „U? test..

RESULTS

Table 1 and Table 2 show the distribution of cases and controls according to age and gender. Among cases 85% were ≥ 50 years of age group and among controls 83% were ≥ 50 years of age. The mean age of cases were 62.88 years and that of controls were 61.39 years. Statistically there was no significant difference found between cases and controls. Among cases and controls 59% of subjects were males and 41% were females. As sex was one of the matching variable, the number of males and females in controls is identical. Male and female ratio in the study was 1:1.7 as shown in (Table 2). The potential risk factors for stroke were investigated as shown in Table 3. Both systolic blood pressure. (155.88 mmHg vs127.73 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (90.67 mmHg vs 80.35 mHg) were higher among cases than among controls. Stroke victims had higher fasting blood sugar level (137.15 mg/dl vs 109.19 mg/dl) and serum cholesterol levels (242.17 mg/dl vs 191.51 mg/dl) and higher waist hip ratio i.e. more abdominal obesity (1.030 cm vs 0.996 cm) than control group. The difference between cases and controls across all risk factors was found to be statistically significant. We performed a univariate analysis to identify the association between risk factors and stroke. Table 4 Described comparison of cases and controls according to exposure to risk factors and results of univariate analysis. Hypertension: In the current study among cases of stroke 62%, among controls 30%, had hypertension and the difference was found statistically significant (X2 =20.612, P<0.0001). Hypertension was found to be significantly associated with stroke. (OR = 3.807, 95% C.I. 2.114 -6.856). When we analysed about systolic and diastolic blood pressure separately, among cases 84% patients had SBP≥ 140 mmHg compared to 37% among controls, OR=3.866, 95% C.I 2.206 to 6.773, P<0.0001) and 76% had DBP≥ 90 compared to 35% among controls (OR= 5.881, 95% C.I. 3.176 to 10.890, P<0.001) SBP and DBP were found to be significantly associated with stroke. Thus hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic has emerged as a significant risk factor for stroke in the present study.

DIABETES MELLITUS

The stroke cases had significantly higher proportion of diabetes mellitus (38%) than controls (15%) (X2 = 13.587, P ≤ 0.0002). The risk of stroke associated with diabetes mellitus was also high and significant (OR= 3.473, 95% C.I 1.757-6.866). Smoking: Out of 100 cases of strokes 49% were smokers compared to 30% of controls. This difference was statistically significant (X2 = 7.553, P 220 mg/dl as against only 34% among controls. It was found that, Hypercholesterolemia level is significantly associated with stroke. (X2 = 20.480, P<0.0001); also the risk of stroke associated with hypercholesterolemia was three times higher (OR= 3.768, 95% C.I. 2.099 to 6.766).

DISCUSSION

The current case-control study of risk factors for stroke identified eight risk factors. Univariate analysis demonstrated that hypertension is the most important risk factor for stroke (62%, OR=3.807) followed by hypercholesterolemia level (66%, OR = 3.768), Diabetes mellitus (38%; OR = 3.474), obesity (84% OR 2.471), Family history of stroke (31% OR = 2.2.359), smoking (49%, OR= 2.242), Transient Ischemic Attack (32%, OR 2.006). Similar findings were found in many studies. A recent study conducted in Gujarat, it was found that, modifiable risk factors such as hypertension (40%), smoking (28%), and hyperlipidemia (17%) are the commonest cause of stroke among elderly (23%) (23) Prasad et al study titled as “Stroke in young: An Indian prospective” found that smoking, increased BMI, diabetes and hypertension are significantly associated with strokes among young people (7) . Recent study on hospital based multicentre prospective stroke registry in India with 5301 acute stroke patients from 100 hospitals found that, patients with stroke had high rates of risk factors including high alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia (24) . Recent data from the study as Inter heart and Inter stroke studies conducted in 22 countries included India by Ponnell et al identified major risk factors for stroke that contribute to 90% of stroke in these countries. He showed that the top risk factors for stroke are – Hypertension (34.6%), smoking (18.9%), waist hip ratio (26.5%) Diet (18.8%), Regular Physical activity (28.5%), Diabetes (8%), Alcohol intake (5%), psychosocial stress (4.6%) depression (5.2%), cardiac causes (6.7%) (25).

CONCLUSION

This is a study that quantifies the contribution of different factors to the overall risk of stroke. It was found that, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes are the biggest risk factors for all type of strokes and are important. Like many other factors, these are modifiable risks. That can be treated by appropriate medication and life style changes. This is very important to low-income settings as screening programmes, relatively little training, resources and interventions are expensive: weight reduction reducing alcohol intake, cessation of cigarette smoking and exercise these simple methods and life style alterations have a greater potential for stroke prevention.

References:

REFERENCES

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21. Mohan V, Deepa M, Farooq S., Datta M, Deepa R Prevalence Awareness and Control of hypertension in Chennai. The Chennai Urban- Roral epidemiology study (CURES 62). Journal Assoc. Physicians India 2007; 55:326-32.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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