International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 6(7), April, 2014

Pages: 79-85

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PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY SYMPTOMS IN FIRST ATTACK MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS OF MEWAR REGION: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Author: Jitendra Jeenger, Swati Wadhwa, Devendra Mohan Mathur

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: According to various studies psychiatric morbidities in post Myocardial Infarction (MI) patients increases the morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidities is important for to early intervention and to improve the quality of life. There is a paucity of research on Indian subjects and specially those of this area of south Rajasthan. Aim: To find out the prevalence of Depression and Anxiety following first attack of acute Myocardial Infarction. Method: 60 cases with an established diagnosis of first episode of acute MI were assessed in cardiac OPD by a cardiologist during follow up, after 2-3 months of attack and they were compared with 60 healthy controls. Results: 40% myocardial infarction patients were found to be suffering from depressive episode, 35% from anxiety symptoms and 16.6% from mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms. Severity of Depression and Anxiety also measured and findings were significantly associated with MI patients as compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: The high proportion of patients with MI found to be suffering from symptoms of depression and/ or anxiety two to three months after MI highlights the essential need to assess these symptoms in all such patients during the post - MI period as they merit appropriate treatment along with that of MI.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common and life threatening illness. With urbanization, the prevalence of risk factors for CHD is increasing rapidly in the developing countries as well. Cardiovascular diseases have almost reached to epidemic proportions in India.1 The reason for high risk of coronary artery disease among Indians is still unclear but could be attributed to genetic predisposition and unhealthy lifestyles.1,2 Depression, anxiety, suppressed anger and type A personality have been shown to be risk factors for developing coronary artery disease. Depression and Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both highly prevalent disorders and both of them cause a significant decrease in quality of life of the patient. Depressed individuals are more likely to develop angina, or fatal or non-fatal MI than their non-depressed counterparts.3,4 Prevalence of depression in patients of MI ranges from 16 to 45 % in studies using a standardized interview for the diagnosis of depression. Further more, studies using a validated questionnaire or rating scale have reported similar prevalence of depressive symptoms in 10 % to 45 % of patients of MI.5 These prevalence rates of depression in MI population are higher than the possibly conservative rates of major depression in the general population of 5% as reported by theNational Co- Morbidity study, 5-10% in primary care, or in 6 to14% in other inpatient medical settings.6,7 The interaction of heart and psyche works both ways. Emotions and stressful experiences affect the heart directly through the autonomic nervous system, as well as indirectly via neuroendocrine pathways. Conversely, pathologic cardiac activity and function trigger distress and contribute to psychopathology, such as depressive syndromes following M.I or strokes.8 Patients with an acute Myocardial Infarction and symptoms of depression and anxiety not only experience higher rates of long-term morbidity and mortality but also report a worse quality of life than patients without symptoms of these psychiatric disorders. 9,10,11 The present study was planned to assess the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety and mixed anxiety and depression in patients with first episode of post myocardial infarction and compared with healthy controls. There is scarcity of data on this topic in Indian population hence the study was planned.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To find out the prevalence and assessment of severity of Depression and Anxiety in post myocardial Infarction patients.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The study was conducted at the departments of Cardiology and Psychiatry of Geetanjali Hospital, attached to the Geetanjali Medical College, Udaipur. Before starting the study, approval of the study protocol was taken from ethics committee of Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital. 60 cases of acute myocardial infarction diagnosed by cardiologist on the basis of ST elevation, in state of stable enough to complete the assessment following two to three months of acute myocardial infarction constituted the sample of study. Similarly, 60 subjects preferably relatives and friends of the patients matched on parameters of age and sex, who gave informed consent and who were not having any past or present history of MI, formed the control group. Illiterate patients, patients having other major medical or surgical illnesses, patients having history of MI in past and patients of more than 70 years of age were excluded. The selected patients (group A) and control (group B) were interviewed in detail by using following tools: (A) A specially designed Proforma prepared for the purpose of this study. The Proforma included identification data, sociodemographic profile and past history of illness in the subjects. (B) Goldberg’s Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): (Gautam et al 1987)12 It is Hindi version, self-administered 12-item questionnaire. It is a short version of original G.H.Q.-60. The respondent is asked to compare his recent state with his usual state. Interpretation of the answers is based on a four point response scale scoring using a bimodal method (symptom present: 'not at all' = 0, 'same as usual' = 0, 'more than usual' = 1 and 'much more than usual' = 1. Maximum score is 12 and cut off score is 2 or more. (C) Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI): (13) The BDI developed by Aaron Beck is a rating scale to measure the severity of depression. BDI is a self-rated scale in which individual rate their own symptoms of depression. In the present study, Hindi adaptation of BDI was used. Individuals were require to rate themselves on a 0 to 3 spectrum with a total score range of 0 to 63. Scores from 0 to 9 represent no depressive symptoms, scores of 10 to 18 indicate mild depression, scores of 19 to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores above 29 indicate severe depression. (D) Hamilton Anxiety rating scale (HAM-A): (Hamilton M, 1959)14 The HAM-A developed by Max Hamilton is the most widely utilized assessment scale for anxiety symptoms. It consists of 14 items and it is heavily focused on somatic symptoms, with a great reliance on the patient’s subjective report. Each item is rated on 0-4 scale (0-not present, to 4-severe) with a final item, which rates behavior at interview.

OBSERVATION

Information so gathered and data so collected were subjected to suitable statistical analysis using appropriate statistical tools and conclusions were drawn and tabulated.

Tables 1 and 2 compare the profile of patient and control groups with regards to sociodemographic, history of tobacco use and family characteristics. There was no difference between the two groups except tobacco use (58.3%) and family history of cardiac illness (31.6%) were significantly more in MI patients compared to controls (16.6%). Table 3 shows distribution of subjects according to GHQ 12 scores, It was observed that 76.6% of myocardial infarction patients scored positively on GHQ 12, while only 46.6% controls scored more than 2 and it was statistically rated significant. Table 4 depicts the severity of depression, 16.6%, 16.6% and 6.6% of myocardial infarction patients and 8.3%, 5% and 1.6% of controls suffered respectively from mild, moderate and severe depression. Severity of depression was significantly higher in myocardial infarction patients than controls. Table 5 shows distribution of severity of anxiety on HAM-A scale. Total 35% of MI pts were suffering from Generalized Anxiety disorder, 6.6% pts having severe Anxiety, 11.6% suffering from Moderate anxiety symptoms, 16.6% subjects were having Mild Anxiety symptoms. MI patients had in statistically significant number of Anxiety symptoms.

DISCUSSION

This study was aimed at finding out the Psychiatric Morbidity in MI pts following the first acute attack. It was observed that 76.6% of myocardial infarction patients scored significantly positive on GHQ 12, while only 46.6% controls scored positive significantly. Various studies15,16,17 support on higher prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in post myocardial infarction patients. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. (2008),18 also found elevated BDI II score in 27.4% and elevated HADS-A scores in 41.4% of acute myocardial infarction patients. Where in our study 40% myocardial infarction patients were suffering from depressive episode, 35% from anxiety disorder and 16.6% from mixed anxiety and depressive episode. In India Akhtar MS et al. (2004),19 found, symptoms of depression in 14%, anxiety symptoms in 18% and mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms in 18% of myocardial infarction patients. Co morbidity of depression and anxiety in MI patients as regards to severity of Psychiatric symptoms, as an independent denominator may be characteristic of severity of symptoms experienced of acute MI experienced, plan of management and personality characteristics of the subjects. Severity of the depression has been measured on BDI, in present study 16.6% MI pts were suffering from mild depression, 16.6% from moderate depression and 6.6% had severe depression. Martens EJ et al. (2008),20 identified four groups and classified as non-depressed 40%, mildly depressed 42%, moderately depressed 14% or severely depressed 4% in post myocardial infarction pts. Rafanelli C et al. (2005),21 who reported that 30% of myocardial infarction patients were identified as suffering from a major depressive disorder, 9% patients were suffering from minor depression. Meneses R et.al (2007),22 found moderate depression in 36% of the subjects and severe depression in 14% of myocardial infarction patients. Significant number of MI pts 35% were having Anxiety symptoms, 6.6% pts having severe Anxiety, 11.6% pts suffering from Moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, 16.6% pts having Mild to moderate Anxiety according to scores on HAM-A.

CONCLUSION

Due to the increasing awareness about the clinical and public health significance of depression and anxiety in MI patients, recognizing burden and severity of these psychiatric disorders will not only help in improving diagnostic practices but will also help to plan the management aimed to improve quality of life and other clinical outcomes in these high risk patients.

Limitations and future implication

The size of the sample was small and it included cases from a private hospital located in Mewarregion of state of Rajasthan. A multicentric study including greater number of population from different cultures prevailing in different parts of state would prove most appropriate. Therefore, these findings cannot be generalized. Many patients were excluded from the study because they were not literate up to minimum educational standard middle class level and were not able to understand and complete the proforma. Therefore such tools should be used which can evaluate even illiterate patients. Long term prognosis of various psychiatric disorders thus identified in MI patients may be evaluated in a prospective study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in reference of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

REFERENCES

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3. Pennink BW, Beekman AT, Honig A, et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:221-7.

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16. Spijkerman T, de Jonge P, van den Brink RH (2005); Depression following myocardial infarction: first-ever versus ongoing and recurrent episodes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Nov-Dec;27(6):381-2 

17. Denollet J, Strik JJ, Lousberg R, Honig A (2006); Recognizing increased risk of depressive comorbidity after myocardial infarction, looking for 4 symptoms of anxietydepression. Psychother Psychosom. 75(6):346- 52.

18. Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F (2008); Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease Arch Gen Psychiatry. Jan; 65(1):62-71.

19. Akhtar MS, Malik SB, Ahmed MM.(2004);Symptoms of depression and anxiety in post-myocardial infarction patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004 Oct;14(10):615-8.

20. Martens EJ, Smith OR, Winter J, Denollet J, Pedersen SS (2008); Cardiac history, prior depression and personality predict course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction. Psychol Med. Feb; 38(2):257-64. Epub 2007 Sep 17.

21. Rafanelli C et al. (2005);[Stressful life events and depressive disorders as risk factors for acute coronary heart disease]. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2005 Feb;6(2):105-10.

22. Meneses R, Almeida MC et al (2007); Depression in patients with myocardial infarction. Rev Port Cardiol. Nov; 26(11):1143-65.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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