International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 6(8), April, 2014

Pages: 52-56

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIORS AMONG MANIPURI AND NORTH INDIAN STUDENTS IN CHANDIGARH, INDIA

Author: Suraj S. Senjam

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Many students from north east India mostly from Manipur have migrated to Chandigarh for further studies. It is worthwhile to know how their health promoting behaviours is different from north Indian students in Chandigarh. Objective: To compare health promoting behaviours of migrant Manipuri students and north Indian students of Chandigarh. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in four purposively selected colleges of Chandigarh during September 2007 to June 2008. Two hundred students (Manipuri=100 and north Indian=100 with equal proportion of male and female) were studied using a self administered questionnaires of health promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP). Results and Conclusion: Local students had significantly higher sense of health responsibility than Manipuri students (24.69 vs. 25.54; p< 0.04), whereas Manipuri students had significantly higher skills or capacity for stress management than the local students (24.41 vs. 23.21; p< 0.01). Manipuri students were less concerned regarding their health than Chandigarh students. Total HPLP score was not significantly different in the two groups. Recommendation: Further research like qualitative research needs to be conducted to identify reasons for Manipuri students giving less attention on their health

Keywords: Migration & Health, Health promoting lifestyle profile, Student?s health, lifestyle.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

In college life, students pass through in a dynamic transitional period of growth and development. As they grow, the adolescents gradually assume responsibility for their own health1 . Their health promoting practices and behaviors not only impact their immediate health status but also have long term health consequences. It is far more difficult for adults to change unhealthy habits adopted in their youth. Many of the factors that contribute to health risks in older adults are preventable if identified and changed at an early stage of life2 . College life, thus, offers opportunities for inculcating healthy lifestyle behaviors in students. Around 700 Manipuri students are presently pursuing higher studies in Chandigarh3 . Every year, approximately 100 Manipuri students migrate to the Union Territory Chandigarh for the purpose of higher studies. Generally migrant students are likely to be different in several aspects of life from their counterparts in the receiving state. Often, they suffer from nutritional deficiencies and communication problem, social exclusion, social inequality, poverty and lack of social support or protection etc. All these factors have direct adverse health effects on students? lives4 . Against this background, the present study was conducted with an objective to compare the level of engagement in health promoting behaviors among Manipuri and north Indian graduate students of Chandigarh.

METHODOLOGY

This cross sectional study was carried out during September 2007 to June 2008 among 1st year graduate Manipuri students (MN) and north Indian students (NI) in Chandigarh in four purposively selected colleges of Chandigarh where Manipuri students were enrolled. There were 126 Manipuri students (67 male and 59 females) who enrolled in the year 2007-08 in these four colleges of Chandigarh. Of these, convenience sampling of 100 Manipuri students (50 male and 50 female) students were done. Equal numbers of north Indian native students who were in the same college and year, were also selected randomly. The sample size (N=170) was estimated based on an alpha value of ≤0.05, and power level of 0.90 for two independent groups with medium effect size of 0.505 . To be on safer side, a sample size of 200 was taken with each group of 100 students. A selfadministered questionnaire „Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile? (HPLP) was used in this study which measures health promoting behaviors. In the original HPLP questionnaire, all 52 items are scored by a fixed 4-point Likert-type format where: 1 coded as “never”, "sometimes" as 2, "often" as 3, and "routinely" as 4. The term „routinely? was chosen to represent the most frequent response category because it suggests a regular pattern of behaviors or characteristic of life-style6,7 . For the present study, requisite minor language change was done from the original items to make it understand to study population. In addition, two items which were not suitable locally, were deleted from the original HPLP. Remaining 50 items were grouped into six different subscales as original: viz. health responsibility, physical activities, nutrition habits, stress management, interpersonal relationship, and spiritual growth. Face, content and consensus validity of the tool was done with experts. Pretest was also done in 10 each of Manipuri and north Indian Chandigarh students. In analyzing health promoting behaviors, only those who reported “often” or” routinely” or similar option or those who got 3 or 4 score in each items were considered as practicing health promoting behavior and those reported “never” or “sometimes” or got 1 or 2 score were considered as not practicing the particular health promoting behaviors. The internal consistency, reliability coefficients for total scale, and subscales ranged from 0.7- 0.85. The original HPLP had reliability with internal consistency for the total score and subscale ranging from 0.7-0.92. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows software, version 16 (Chicga, Illinois, USA). Descriptive statistics, Chi- square test and t-test were used in statistical analysis.

Ethical clearance: Institute ethical clearance was sought before the study. A written permission was obtained from the Vice Chancellor of the Punjab University and respective colleges? principal before study. Consent of students was also taken.

RESULTS

Overall, 200 students were included in the study i.e. 100 Manipuri (50 male and 50 female) and 100 north Indian Chandigarh students (50 male and 50 female). HPLP questionnaires were filled by both groups of students without missing any item. Mean age of Manipuri students was higher as compared to local students (table 1). North Indian Chandigarh students had significantly higher sense of health responsibility than Manipuri students (p=0.04; table 2). While 49% of Manipur students consulted a doctor whenever they had any health problem, 64% native students did so (p<0.05). Frequency of smoking was higher among the MN than local students. Manipuri students were more likely to undertake physical activities than that of Chandigarh students, but difference was not significant. Chandigarh students took breakfast more regularly than MN and also showed higher consumption of green leafy vegetable than MN students. Students from Manipur had significantly higher skills or capacity for stress management than the north Indian Chandigarh students (p=0.01, table 2). More MN students openly expressed their feelings to their friends about their problems than native students (67% vs. 47%; p<0.05). No significant difference was found in total score of HPLP between two groups of students.

DISCUSSIONS

Migration affects lifestyle of people. Migrants are likely to change their behaviors or lifestyle when they come to new environment. Such changes also affect young people who migrate to other cities for studies. In the present study, north Indian students of Chandigarh had comparatively better sense of health responsibility than Manipuri students. It was mainly due to higher consultation rate with doctors of Chandigarh students. Another reason is that, most of MN students stayed in hostels. They may not find it convenient to go to hospital when they fall sick. Moreover, Manipur students have language barriers as they are not fluent in Hindi. Another factor for low consultation rate among MN students may be due to easy accessibility of over-the counter-medicines. In India, procuring medicine without a prescription papers from doctors makes it easier for students to take a medicine from a chemist shop rather than paying consultation fee to doctor. In contrast, Chandigarh students live with their families. There are others family members also to look after about their health. They know the local doctors and go to them if they fall sick. Smoking rate was higher significantly both among male as well as female MN students as compared to Chandigarh students. MN students were away from their parental supervision. This might have made them free to indulge in smoking. In general, Chandigarh students culturally do not accept smoking, Moreover, in Sikh community, smoking is a taboo. Further, most of Chandigarh students stayed at home with regular parental supervision. Other studies have also reported that socially disadvantaged groups like migrant students are likely to indulge in smoking8 . MN students were more likely to engage in physical activities than Chandigarh students. This may be due to fact that exercise was a part of their culture as traditionally Manipuri are sports loving people9 . Chandigarh students were more likely to read foods labels, consumed more leafy vegetables and ate breakfast more regularly than MN students. Culturally, for most of the Manipuri, eating breakfast is not a regular routine in their native land, since people usually have their lunch usually 9-10 AM in the morning. Financial constraints faced by MN students could also be the one reason for these findings. A higher score in stress management by MN students may be a reflection of their better interpersonal relationships, and more involvement in physical activities than north Indian Chandigarh students. Manipuri students who have migrated to Chandigarh may represent a selected sample of motivated students who chose to move out from their native place and were thus ready to face problems which are likely to be there in a new environment. Moreover, mean age of Manipuri students was also higher than Chandigarh students. So, they were more likely to be mature enough to handle stress in life. Present study showed that MN students had more number of friends, and were more likely to discuss their problems with their colleagues than local students. Most MN students stayed together in hostels of their respective colleges.. Majority of Chandigarh students, in contrast, stayed at their respective homes with less chances of daily close interaction among friends. This could be the probable reason that MN students had slightly better interpersonal relationships than their counterpart local students. Moreover, living away from family may encourage closer interpersonal ties among MN students. In study across the Globe, Canadian students? showed better score in health responsibility, physical activities and interpersonal relationship subscale than Jordanian students10. Duffy et al reported that Mexican-American women had lower HPLP scores than those White groups11 . Ahijevych and Bernhard reported that total HPLP and subscale score of African-American women was lower than other groups residing in South Africa12 . Japanese students scored higher on nutrition and health responsibility subscales, whereas US students scored higher on spiritual growth and exercise subscales13 . Peltzer reported that Blacks South African avoided more fat and cholesterol, smoked less and drunk less alcohol than Whites South African, while Whites exercised more than Blacks did14 . Kerr and Ritchey reported that English-speaking migrant workers scored significantly lower on the areas of self-actualization, exercise, and stress management than their Spanish speaking counterparts15 . In our study, some of important domains of health promoting lifestyle profile were significantly different among north Indian and Manipuri Chandigarh students though overall score was similar. Manipur students gave less attention to their health and diets. They also indulged in smoking. This is matter of concerned because this will certainly reflect in students? health as well as carrier. Further research especially qualitative research may be conducted to explore the reason for their not following healthy behaviors. As the study was based on self report, it is possible that responses may be socially desirable and may not be reflect the true information.

CONCLUSION

North Indian students had a higher sense of health responsibility and more likely consulted with doctors for their health problem and ate breakfast more regularly as compared to migrant Manipuri students. Whereas, Manipuri students were more likely engaged in physical activities and outdoor games than their counterpart north Indian students. Further research is recommended to explore the reason for less consulting with and less worried about their health problem of Manipuri students. North Indian students are needed to be encouraged for outdoor games and physical exercise.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to thank the teachers and staffs of Chandigarh colleges that were enrolled in the study for their valuable help and support during data collection. We want to acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript and also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

REFERENCES

1. Terries M. Healthy lifestyle: The perspective of epidemiology. J Public Health Policy 1992;13(2):186-94.

2. Lee A, Wun Y, Chan K. Changing family medicine/general practice morbidity patterns in Hong Kong adults. Hong Kong Practitioner 1997;19(10):508-17.

3. Manipur Students? Association Chandigarh, available from http://www.msacmanipur.com (last accessed on August 2007)

4. Shaw M, Dorling D, Smith GD. Poverty, social exclusion, and Minorities: Marmot M and Wilkinson RG. Social determinant of health, 2 nd Edition. London, Oxford University Press, 2003;196-223.

5. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. Hillsdale New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers,1988.

6. Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res 1987;36(2):76-81.

7. Walker SN, Hill-Polrecky D. Psychometric evaluation of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. In:Proceeding of the 1996 Scientific session of the American Nurse Association?s Council of Nurse Researchers 1996 June13-14 Washington (DC):p-110.

8. Martin JJ, Wardle J. Social patterning of individual health behaviors: the case of cigarette smoking. Marmot M and Wilkinson RG. Social determinant of health, 2nd Edition. London, Oxford University Press, 2003;224- 37.

9. History of Manipur –available from free encyclopedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur (last assessed on July 2010).

10. Haddad L, Kane D, Rajacich D, Cameron S, Al-Ma'aitah R. A comparison of health practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students. Public Health Nurs 2004;21:85-90.

11. Duffy ME, Rossow R, Hernandez M. Correlates of health-promotion activities in employed Mexican American women. Nurs Res 1996;25:18–24.

12. Petlzer K. Health behaviors among Black and White South Africans. Perspect Public Health 2002;122:187-93.

13. Steven RH, Hala NM, Ray MM, Marylynn BG, Takeo M. A Cross-cultural comparison of health promoting behaviors among college students. The International Electronic Journal of Health Education 2002;5:84-92

14. Ahijevych K, Bernhard L. Health promoting behaviors of African American women. Nurs Res 1996;43:86-9.

15. Kerr MJ, Ritchey DA. Health-promoting lifestyles of English speaking and Spanishspeaking Mexican-American migrant farm workers. Public Health Nurs 1990;7:80-7

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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