International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 6(11), June, 2014

Pages: 52-57

Date of Publication: 13-Jun-2014


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UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY 'WITHOUT WEEP OR SLEEP' - 'EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE'

Author: N. S. Kannan, C.P.Ganesh Babu

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objectives: As per „Evidence Based Medicine?, premedication or sedation is not necessary for upper gastro intestinal endoscopies. We are presenting our experience with more than 3000 upper gastro intestinal endoscopies done by us over a period of six years in a district head quarters hospital. Methods: All the patients were screened to rule out co- morbidities. They were prepared with over night starvation. Each patient was given pre procedure counselling about the actual procedure and in what way he is expected to cooperate during the procedure. Their baseline stress level was accessed before admission and those who were found to be uncooperative or demanded pre medication or sedation were referred to the centre were the procedure is done under sedation. Results: While performing upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without premedication or sedation the scopist was comfortable and all the patients also cooperated well during the procedure. Discussion: Unless the requirements defined under ?S3 Guideline: Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008? of Riphaus A et al, are met with, sedation should either be avoided or, if sedation is indicated and/or the patient wants sedation, the patient should be transferred to a facility that does fulfil these requirements. Upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without sedation is considered to be a safe, quick, and well tolerated procedure. The avoidance of sedation related morbidity and mortality is an obvious advantage and undoubtedly saves significant time and cost. Conclusion: Our study adds to the „Evidence Based Medicine? in favour of performing simple procedures like upper GI endoscopy safely and cost effectively, without any form of premedication or sedation.

Keywords: Upper Gastro Intestinal Endoscopy, Premedication, Sedation, S3 Guideline.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
In the past few years, interest in sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy has increased. It is currently the subject of much debate, some of it very lively. One major issue is the exact indication for sedation. Premedication is not necessary for all gastroenterological endoscopic interventions. Whether it is required depends on the nature of examination, its duration, its complexity, its invasiveness, and on the individual patient?s characteristics. Of late there are many articles published based on „Evidence Based Medicine? to support the concept performing simple procedures like upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without any form of premedication or sedation. We are presenting in this article our experience with more than 3000 upper gastro intestinal endoscopies done by us over a period of six years in a district head quarters hospital without any form of premedication or sedation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the district head quarters hospital Pudukkottai, India, we did upper gastro intestinal endoscopy procedure minimum 5 to 8 cases per day on Mondays and Thursdays. All the cases were referred from peripheral hospitals and out patient department of district head quarters hospital Pudukkottai. All the patients were screened with basic investigations to rule out co- morbidities. ECG was also taken for all patients and physician?s opinion obtained regarding fitness for the procedure with specific reference to cardiovascular and respiratory system. They were prepared with over night starvation after night dinner. In cases with suspected gastric outlet obstruction Ryle?s tube stomach was given prior to procedure. All the patients were allowed to sit in the waiting room before procedure. In the pleasing ambience of the waiting room they felt comfortable listening to melodious light music as a part of stress buster1,2. Apart from that they used to chat with each other especially with the patients who had come for repeat procedure for some reason or other. This made them mentally prepared to face the procedure comfortably. Each patient was given pre procedure counselling about the actual procedure and in what way he is expected cooperate during the procedure without any form of premedication and sedation. This was in addition to the awareness created in their mind by the referring family consultant. Proper informed consent was obtained from each patient before procedure. Their baseline stress level was accessed before admission using „The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory? (STAI) method3 . Those who were found to be uncooperative or demanded pre medication or sedation were referred to the centre were the procedure is done under sedation. But this group consisted only negligible percentage since all the patients were referred by their family consultants and were trust based due the familiarity of the team doing the procedure. And also most of the patients were of poor economic status and the procedure was done absolutely free of cost. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Based on „Evidence Based Medicine? simple procedures like upper gastro intestinal endoscopy can be performed without any form of premedication or sedation. Incidentally it is cost effective since it is not mandatory to have qualified anaesthesiologist or staff/technician anaesthetist to monitor the patient under sedation with high tech-equipments. At the same time, the patient?s right for safety and possible untoward event happening when the procedure is done without any form premedication or sedation was always kept in mind and the endoscopy console was located within the operation theatre complex. The procedure was done only during day time when regular operation list was going on, so that full-fledged resuscitative team with all infrastructures was always available. . Before the procedure the outer surface of the scope was smeared with xylocaine jelly for lubrication purpose only to make the insertion of scope easier in addition to routine cleaning in between procedures. The procedure was assisted by well qualified staff nurse in endoscopy assistance. Patient's vitals were being monitored by another qualified staff nurse through out the procedure.

RESULTS
While performing upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without premedication or sedation the scopist was comfortable and did not experience any difficulty. All the patients also cooperated well during the procedure. Nil untoward events happened, necessitating any procedure abortion or resuscitative intervention. All the patients were willing to have repeat procedure, if needed without any premedication or sedation.

DISCUSSION
Riphaus A et al in their article4 have stated: „In the past few years, interest in sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy has increased. It is currently the subject of much debate, some of it very lively. One major issue is the exact indication for sedation. Premedication is not necessary for all gastroenterological endoscopic interventions. Whether it is required depends on the nature of examination, its duration, its complexity, its invasiveness, and on the individual patient?s characteristics?. The same authors also have given guidelines intended to complement and link up with the already existing recommendations on sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy by non anaesthetists with the aim of improving patient safety in the medium and long term5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 On principle, simple endoscopic examinations (gastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, etc.) can be performed without sedation in suitable patients. (Recommendation grade A, evidence level 2b, strong consensus.)2 . The type and intensity of the sedation and the drug used should be selected according to the type of intervention and the patient?s ASA grade and individual risk profile. There are particular requirements in respect of facilities, equipment, and qualified personnel. Unless the requirements defined under Section 2.3.4 “Monitoring/ structure quality” of Riphaus A et al?s ?S3 Guideline: Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008?, are met with, once the risk-benefit balance and the patient?s wishes have all been weighed up, sedation should either be avoided or, if sedation is indicated and/or the patient wants sedation, the patient should be transferred to a facility that does fulfil these requirements. (Recommendation grade A, evidence level 5, strong consensus.)2 . TK Danshmend15 in his nationwide survey identified a total of 119 respiratory arrests, 37 cardiac arrests, and 52 deaths when oesophago gastro duodenoscopy (OGD) was done under sedation oesophago gastro duodenoscopy without sedation is considered to be a safe, quick, and well tolerated procedure16,17. The use of lignocaine for oropharyngeal topical anaesthesia carries potential hazard, for example, methaemoglobinaemia and there may also be an increased risk of aspiration with the pharynx anaesthetised15. The avoidance of sedation related morbidity and mortality is an obvious advantage and undoubtedly saves significant time and cost. Other studies, however, suggest that unsedated oesophago gastro duodenoscopy is unpleasant, at least for some patients18,19,20. Patients should be well informed not only about the benefits but also the risks and discomfort associated with the procedure. This will help them to make a balanced decision. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a commonly performed procedure. Patients? wishes are, therefore, of paramount importance especially in the context of informed consent and clinical governance21. Sedation is not required to perform a technically adequate gastroscopy but does improve patient satisfaction, comfort, and willingness to repeat particularly in the elderly and those with decreased pharyngeal sensitivity22 Prospective audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy done by MA Quine et al23 in 36 hospitals across two regions provided data from 14149 gastroscopies of which 1113 procedures were therapeutic and 13036 were diagnostic. Most patients received gastroscopy under intravenous sedation; midazolam was the preferred agent in the North West and diazepam was preferred in East Anglia. Mean doses of each agent used were 5.7 mg and 13.8 mg respectively, although there was a wide distribution of doses reported. Only half of the patients endoscoped had some form of intravenous access in situ and few were supplied with supplementary oxygen. The death rate from this study for diagnostic endoscopy was 1 in 2000 and the morbidity rate was 1 in 200; cardiorespiratory complications were the most prominent in this group and there was a strong relation between the lack of monitoring and use of high dose benzodiazepines and the occurrence of adverse outcomes. In particular there was a link between the use of local anaesthetic sprays and the development of pneumonia after gastroscopy (p existent recovery areas. In addition, a number of junior endoscopists were performing endoscopy unsupervised and with minimal training Phyllis R. Bishop et al24 in their study inferred unsedated esophago gastro duodenoscopy (EGD) can be performed safely and successfully in children with good patient tolerance. There was a significant decrease in total procedure time for children who have unsedated esophago gastro duodenoscopy. Unsedated esophago gastro duodenoscopy should be considered a viable option for motivated children. Sedation is usually safe; however, complications may occur, although in various proportions depending on a number of factors, including the type, dose and mode of administration of sedative drugs, as well as the patient?s age and underlying chronic disorders. A large number of side effects, including hypotension, desaturation, bradycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, aspiration, respiratory depression, vomiting, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, angina, hypoglycaemia, and/or allergic reaction, have been reported. Important medical and legal issues regarding sedation have been raised during recent years. Such issues include informed consent of the patient, difficulties in assessing withdrawal of consent in a sedated patient, and the need for sedation monitoring that meets accepted standard of care guidelines25. Other controversies possibly related to medico-legal aspects include both the use of propofol and the administration of sedation by anaesthesia personnel. The former controversy is extremely important from a legal point of view if the continuously increasing use of propofol in Gastro Intestinal Endoscopy by nonanaesthesiologists is taken into account. In a related article, Axon AE26 emphasises the possible clinical negligence that could be associated with sedation administration. Interestingly, while the law recognises the desirability of sedation in endoscopy procedures, the facts of a particular case will be scrutinised to determine possible responsibilities of the endoscopist if an adverse outcome occurs. Such questions related to the administration of sedation during gastro intestinal endoscopy are discussed in detail in their article by John K Triantafillidis et al27. Rana S. et al, in their study of 2015 cases, it was reported that in 94% of these cases, the upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy was well tolerated without preendoscopic sedation and topical anaesthesia, and that the endoscopic procedure was performed more easily28 . The The British Society of Gastroenterologists (BSG) recommends performing endoscopy in well designed endoscopy units29. BSG also recommends that two assistants, at least one of whom must be a qualified nurse, are required at each table30. A study was performed by Hoya et al, at the digestive endoscopy service of a 150-bed acute care hospital in Japan31 has proved that providing an optimal soothing environment (OSE) before and during gastroscopy is useful to minimize patient anxiety regarding experiencing a gastroscopy. This non- pharmacological method is a simple, inexpensive, and safe method of minimizing anxiety before and during gastroscopy.

CONCLUSION
Our study adds to the „Evidence Based Medicine? in favour of performing simple procedures like upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without any form of premedication or sedation, provided the basic mandatory precautions are observed as detailed in the methodology section of our article. Performing upper gastro intestinal endoscopy without any form of premedication or sedation is not only safe but also cost effective.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. H. EL-Hassan, K. Mckeown, A. F. Muller. Clinical trial: music reduces anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopy. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2009; 30(7):718–724.

2. Hayes A, Buffum M, Lanier E, et al. A music intervention to reduce anxiety prior to gastrointestinal procedures. Gastroenterol Nurs 2003; 26: 145–9.

3. Spielberger, C. D. (1989). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

4. Riphaus A et al. S3 Guideline: sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008… Endoscopy 2009;41:787–815

5. Clinical practice guidelines: safety and sedation during endoscopic procedures. Available from: http://www.bsg.org.uk/pdf_word_docs/sedati on.doc

6. Stufe 1 Leitlinie Sedierung und Analgesie (Analgosedierung) von Patienten durch Nicht-Anästhesisten. 2008.Available from: http://www.dgai.de/06pdf/13_573- Leitlinie.pdf, http://intranet/awmf11/001– 011. htm

7. Hofmann C, Jung M. Sedierung und Überwachung bei endoskopischen Eingriffen. 2003.Available from: http://www.dgvs.de/media/1.2.Sedierungueberwachung.pdf

8. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesis by non-anesthesiologists: an updated report by the American Society of Anestesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1004–1017

9. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:317–322

10. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Anesthesiology 2002;6:742–752

11. Joint statement of aWorking Group from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Recommendations on the administration of sedation for the performance of endoscopic procedures. 2006.Available from: www.gi. org/physicians/nataffairs/trisociety.asp

12. Schreiber F. Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (OGGH) – guidelines on sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy. 2007;39:259–262

13. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for training in patient monitoring and sedation and analgesia. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48:669–671 14. Waring JP, Baron TH, Hirota WK et al. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:317–322 15. T K Daneshmend, G D Bell, R F Logan Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey. Gut 1991;32:12-15 16. Al-Atrakchi HA. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy without sedation: a prospective study of 2000 examinations. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;35:79-81. 17. Chuah SY, Crowson CP, Dronfield MW. Topical anaesthesia in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. BMJ. 1991;303:695. 18. Ross WA. Premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:120-6.

19. Gordon MJ, Mayes GR, Meyer GE. Topical lidocaine in preendoscopic medication. Gastroenterology.1976;71:564-9. 20. Hedenbro JL, Ekelund M, Jansson O, et al. A randomised double blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate topical anaesthesia of the pharynx in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy. 1992;24:585-7. 21. Scally G, Donaldson LJ. Clinical governance and the drive for quality improvement in the new NHS in England. BMJ. 1998;317:61-5. 22. Neena S Abraham, Carlo A Fallone, Serge Mayrand, Jack Huang, Paul Wieczorek and Alan N Barkun. Sedation versus No Sedation in the Performance of Diagnostic Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Canadian Randomized Controlled Cost Outcome Study The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004; 99: 1692–1699 23. MA Quine, G D Bell, R F McCloy, J E Charlton, H B Devlin, A Hopkins Prospective audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two regions of England; safety, staffing, and sedation methods Gut. 1995; 36: 462-467 24. Phyllis R. Bishop, Michael J. Nowicki, Warren L. May, David Elkin, Paul H. Parker,Unsedated upper endoscopy in children Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002;55(6):624-630. 25. Feld AD. Endoscopic sedation: medicolegal considerations. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:783-788. 26. Axon AE. The use of propofol by gastroenterologists: medico-legal issues. Digestion. 2010;82:110-112. 27. John K Triantafillidis, Emmanuel Merikas, Dimitrios Nikolakis, and Apostolos E Papalois, Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Current issues. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(4): 463–481. 28. Rana S, Pal LS. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: is premedication or topical anesthesia necessary? Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;36:317-8. 29. The British Society of Gastroenterology. Provision of gastrointestinal endoscopy and related services for a district general hospital. London: 1992 30. The British Society of Gastroenterology. Report of a working party on the staffing of endoscopy units. London: 1987 31. Hoya, Yoshiyuki, Matsumura, Izumi , Fujita, Tetsuji, Yanaga, Katsuhiko. The Use of Nonpharmacological Interventions to Reduce Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy in a Setting With an Optimal Soothing Environment. Gastroenterology Nursing: 2008;31(6):395–399

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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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