International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 7(5), March, 2015

Pages: 43-47

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MORPHOLOGY OF MENISCI OF KNEE JOINT IN ADULT CADAVERS OF NORTH KARNATAKA

Author: Veeresh Itagi, V. S. Shirol, Jayasudha K.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: The menisci are crescentic, intracapsular, fibrocartilaginous laminae deepening the articulation of the tibial surfaces that receive the femoral condyles forming the knee joint. Objective: To assess the incidence of different shapes of the lateral and medial meniscus in north Karnataka population and discuss its clinical implications.
Methods:
The cross sectional study included 120 menisci from 60 adult cadaveric knee joints which were preserved in 10% formalin. The morphological variants of the shapes of menisci were macroscopically noted and classified after methodical dissection procedure. The lateral menisci (LM) and medial menisci (MM) were classified as discoid and nondiscoid menisci. Further, the discoid menisci were divided into subgroups as the complete and incomplete discoid menisci. The nondiscoid menisci were subgrouped as crescentic (semilunar) shaped, C shaped, sickle shaped, sided U shaped and sided V shaped. Results and Conclusion: From our observations, 96.66% of medial menisci were cresentic in shape, 1.66% showed sided V shaped and 1.66% showed sickle shape. Among the lateral menisci 88.33% were C shaped, 6.66% sided U shaped and 5% showed incomplete discoid. This study is useful for the health professionals who work with the treatment of meniscal injuries to create an awareness of the anatomical variations that may exist in the menisci facilitating the rehabilitation process.

Keywords: Discoid, Knee, Lateral meniscus, Medial meniscus, Shape

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Menisci are semicircular shaped fibrocartilagenous structures with bony attachments at the anterior and posterior aspects of tibial plateau and are wedged between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau on the medial and lateral sides of the knee.1 The knee joint is considered the largest articulation in the body. It is a double condyloid joint with 20° of freedom of motion. The condyles of the femur rest in unequal manner on the shallow concave surface of the tibia, therefore the knee joint depends on other structures to provide both static and dynamic stability which are achieved by a variety of soft tissue structures such as the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the menisci, the capsule and the muscles crossing the joint.2, 3 The functions of the meniscus include load transmission, shock absorption, stress reduction, improve joint stability, limit to extreme flexion and extension, proprioception, joint lubrication and nutrition.4 With the advent of new techniques such as arthroscopy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the anatomical abnormalities and variations of the intraarticular structures of the knee joint have become important.5 Long term complications of removal of a meniscus include cartilage degeneration and bone remodeling, this discovery changed considerably the therapeutic approach to this common work or sports injury.6 Hence, today a ruptured meniscus is repaired rather than removed, but this treatment is only feasible when the meniscus tissue is otherwise of good quality.7 Hence this study was undertaken with the objective to estimate the incidence of different shapes of the medial and lateral meniscus and discuss its clinical implications in the north Karnataka population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For this study, 120 menisci from 60 human knees, 29 right and 31 left, previously dissected and preserved with a solution of 10% formalin were used. Since the knee joints were removed from the cadavers thus presenting an isolated knee joint, it was not possible to determine whether the knees were from the same or different cadavers nor to determine other aspects related to weight, sex and height, even though these factors may influence certain anatomical variations. All cadaveric limbs available in the Department of Anatomy of J. N. Medical College during the study period were included in the study. Cadaveric lower limbs with abnormal knee joints such as deformity, exostosis, fractures or traumatic injury and all menisci that showed any structural change which prevent its morphological assessment such as injuries or advanced degenerative changes were excluded. After the dissection of skin and muscles, the approach to the menisci was performed. The joint cavity was opened, anteriorly by a longitudinal incision on each side of the joint capsule and cutting the patellar ligament and the collateral ligaments transversely. In order to expose the menisci clearly, the joint capsule and the intraarticular ligaments were cut, and the condyles were circumferentially detached from their soft tissue attachments and removed, exposing the tibial plateau. The anterior intermeniscal ligament, if present, was then identified, either within or overhung by the retropatellar fat pad. 8 All dissections were performed in a systematic fashion and data were recorded on a standardized collection sheet.9, 10 To minimize the error two observations were made by two authors. Morphological variants of the shapes of the menisci were macroscopically noted and classified. The lateral menisci (LM) and medial menisci (MM) were classified as discoid and nondiscoid menisci. Further, the discoid menisci were divided into subgroups as the complete and incomplete discoid menisci. The nondiscoid menisci were subgrouped as crescentic (semilunar) shaped, C shaped, sickle shaped, sided U shaped and sided V shaped. When the meniscus covers the tibial plateau circularly, the meniscus is said to be discoid type. 11 The incomplete discoid menisci had an opened area at the centre of the menisci and they were all horse shoe shaped.9 The menisci which did not have any opened area at the centre of the menisci were defined as the complete discoid menisci. The menisci, which had thin anterior and posterior horns and a thin body, were defined as the crescentic (semilunar) type. The menisci, which had thick anterior and posterior horns and a thick body, were named as the thick horse shoe shaped type. The menisci, which had thin anterior and posterior horns and a thick body, were defined as the sickle shaped type. The menisci which resembled like sided U, sided V and C were named as sided U, sided V and C shaped, respectively. 12

RESULTS

Study was done on 60 knee joints. In which 29 (48%) belonged to right knee joint and 31 (52%) were of left knee joint. In our study six morphological types of the shape of menisci were determined (Table 1). It was observed that 96.66% of medial menisci were cresentic shaped, 1.66% showed sided V shaped and 1.66% showed sickle shape. Among the lateral menisci 88.33% were C shaped, 6.66% sided U shaped and 5% showed incomplete discoid (Fig. 1).

DISCUSSION

The differences of the shape of meniscus may be due to the mesenchymal differentiation or to the development of the vasculature early in embryonic life.9 The meniscus arises from the differentiation of mesenchymal tissue within the limb bud and becomes a clearly defined structure by the eighth week of fetal development.13Variations of morphological differences of menisci can determine the possibility of an injury. However, the data related to the morphometric parameters of these structures are scarce.14 There are marked differences in the contour and insertion between the lateral and the medial menisci which are important in relation to the injury mechanisms.15 Study on 22 fetal knee joints, reported that 73% of the cadavers they studied had the same shape of meniscus on each side. According to their observations, medial menisci showed 18.18% (crescent-shaped), 22.72% (sided V-shaped), 9.09% (sided U-shaped), 36.36% (sickleshaped) and 13.63% (C- shaped). Discoid medial meniscus was not observed. In the same study, 13.63% of the LMs were crescent-shaped, 9.09% (C-shaped) and 77.27% (discoid-shaped). Among the discoid shaped 54.54% of the LMs were incomplete discoid and 22.72% were completely discoid.9 Normal variants of the meniscus are relatively uncommon and are frequently asymptomatic, although there is a greater propensity for discoid menisci to tear. However, recognizing these variants is important, as they can be misinterpreted for more significant pathology on MRI. The most common of these meniscal variants is the discoid lateral meniscus and the least common is complete congenital absence of the menisci. Normal variants of the meniscus include hypoplastic menisci, absent menisci, anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus, discoid lateral meniscus, including the Wrisberg variant and discoid medial meniscus.16 Anomalies of the meniscal shape have been reported in man and are classified as hypoplasia or hyperplasia. The meniscal hyperplasias or discoid menisci, have been the object of many studies, because they are frequently the source of symptoms.15t Of the several reported congenital meniscal abnormalities anomalous attachments of the meniscal horns and discoid menisci are the most frequent. They most frequently affect the lateral side of the knee. In 1967 first case of medial meniscal hypoplasia was reported. The association of simultaneous anomalies in the knee, in some cases is likely due to the common mesenchymal origin of some of these structures.17 There are reported cases of complete absence of the medial meniscus as described in thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome (TAR syndrome). The congenitally absent meniscus appears to influence the development of the distal femur and proximal tibia, the proximal medial tibia was convex and the distal medial femoral condyle was saddle shaped in these cases.16,18 A new case was reported of bilateral hypoplasia of the medial meniscus not in association with other knee anomalies in a young woman as a consequence almost all the medial tibial plateau surface was uncovered.19 Anomalous insertion of the medial meniscus (AIMM) has been illustrated and it is into the anterior cruciate ligament. The anomalous insertion passes from the anterior horn of the medial meniscus to either the mid or base of ACL or the intercondylar notch. The insertion site of the AIMM into the ACL is classified as Type 1 (inferior third), Type 2 (middle third), or Type 3 (superior third; intercondylar notch). The incidence AIMM with discoid MM is greater than with discoid LM.16,20 A study reported a rare anatomical aberration case of double-layered lateral meniscus, where an accessory proximal hemimeniscus was overlying the body and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in a male of Indian origin.21 Although both menisci have been reported to have discoid shape, lateral tends to be more common than the medial meniscus. Bilateral lateral meniscus involvement is rare and co-existence of both medial and lateral discoid menisci in the same knee has been reported only twice.22 One documented instance of familial transmission (father and two of his four children) of discoid meniscus was reported.23 A case reported in Scotland where the discoid meniscus patient’s daughter also had an abnormality of knee suggesting the inheritance playing a part in its transmission.24 Two cases with abnormal band of lateral meniscus, which were serpentine shaped and narrower than the accessory meniscus were reported.25 A case gives description of a ring-shaped meniscus on the lateral side of the human knee without any other associated malformation. The rounded uniform rim with no evidence of a tear of that meniscus suggests that this finding is congenital in origin.26 The most frequently encountered abnormal meniscal variant in children is discoid meniscus.27 Discoid lateral meniscus is more common among Asians than that among Caucasians. The incidence of discoid meniscus ranges from 0.4% to 17% for the lateral and 0.06% to 0.3% for the medial side.28 It is still debatable whether this anatomic derangement necessarily leads to abnormal function or susceptibility to injury. The issue is complicated by the fact that several variants of the discoid meniscus have been described and that there is a continuous range of variation between normal, C-shaped menisci and those that extend completely across the lateral or medial joint space. Stable discoid meniscus is often an incidental finding in asymptomatic patients, which can become symptomatic in the presence of a tear. The most common tear pattern is the degenerative horizontal cleavage, that can result in pain, swelling and snapping of the affected knee. The abrupt change in the rapport between the meniscus and the femoral and tibial condyles leads to a snap sound.2813ngenita In a sample of 316 nonhuman primates, representative of 43 genera the lateral meniscus morphology was studied. The lateral meniscus has a crescentic shape in Prosimii, in Platyrrhinii (New World monkeys) and in Pongo pygmaeus. The lateral meniscus is disc-shaped, with a central foramen, in Catarrhinii (Old World monkeys), in Hylobates, in Gorilla and in Pan troglodytes. 29

CONCLUSION

From our study we can conclude that in most of the specimens the medial meniscus was crescentic in shape (96.66%). Commonest shape of the lateral meniscus was ‘C’ shape (88.33%). Incomplete lateral discoid menisci were observed in 5% of lateral meniscus. No complete discoid medial or lateral menisci were observed in specimens. This study has provided further information on different shapes of the medial and lateral meniscus especially the presence of incomplete lateral discoid menisci in adults which is a rare finding. This study is useful for the health professionals who work with the treatment of meniscal injuries to create an awareness of the anatomical variations that may exist in the menisci facilitating the rehabilitation process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge the support and help extended by all the staff of Department of Anatomy JNMC, Belgaum and SSIMSRC, Davangere. Authors Authors acknowledge the im acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Buckwalter JA, Amendolam A, Clark CR. Articular cartilage and meniscus. In: Insall and Scott NW. Surgery of the knee. 1st ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1986.p.310.

2. Levangie P, Norkin C. Joint structure and function. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 2005. Cited by Chivers MD, Howitt SD. Anatomy and physical examination of the knee menisci: A narrative review of the orthopedic literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2009; 53(4): 319-33.

3. Rath E, Richmond JC. The menisci: Basic science and advances in treatment. Br J Sports Med 2000; 34: 252–57.

4. Gray JC. Neural and vascular anatomy of the menisci of the human knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999; 29(1): 23-30.

5. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999. p 690-99.

6. Fairbank TJ. Knee joint changes after meniscectomy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1948; 30B: 664-70.

7. Messner K, Gao J. The menisci of the knee joint: Anatomical and functional characteristics and a rationale for clinical treatment. J Anat 1998; 193:161-78.

8. Nelson E W, LaPrade R F. The Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament of the Knee. An Anatomic Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000; 28 (1): 74-76.

9. Kale A, Kopuz C, Edyzer M, Aydin M.E, Demyr M, Ynce Y. Anatomic variations of the shape of the menisci: A neonatal cadaver study, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006; 14: 975-81.

10. Murlimanju B V, Nair N, Pai S R, Pai M M, Gupta C, Kumar V & Pulakunta T. Morphometric Analysis of the Menisci of the Knee Joint in South Indian Human Fetuses. Int. J. Morphol. 2010; 28(4):1167-71.

11. Murlimanju B V, Nair N, Pai S, Pai M, Chethan P, Gupta C. Morphological study of the menisci of the knee joint in adult cadavers of the South Indian population. Marmara Medical Journal. 2010; 23(2 ): 270-75.

12. Murlimanju B V, Nair N , Pai MM, Krishnamurthy A, Philip C. Morphology of the medial meniscus of the knee in human fetuses. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology. 2010; 51(2): 347-51.

13. Kaplan EB. Discoid lateral meniscus of the knee joint. J.Bone Joint Surg. 1957;39A: 77-87.

14. Almeida SKS, De Moraes ASR, Tashiro T, Neves ES, Toscano EA, De Abreu RMR. Morphometric study of menisci of the knee joint. Int J Morphol. 2004; 22(3): 181-84.

15. Smillie I.S. Injuries of the knee Joint. 4th ed. London: Churchill Living Stone; 1975.p 23-38.

16. Ali S, Dass C, Shah P, Sewards JM. Normal variants of the meniscus. Applied Radiology 2013; 14-18.

17. Clark C.R, Ogden J.A. Development of the menisci of the human knee joint. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1983; 65A (4): 538-47.

18. Tolo VT. Congenital absence of the menisci and cruciate ligaments of the knee: A case report. J Bone Jt Surg Am 1981; 63: 1022-24.

19. Monllau JC, Gonzalez G, Puig L, Caceres E. Bilateral hypoplasia of the medial meniscus. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14: 112-13.

20. Nakajima T, Nabeshima Y, Fujii H,Ozaki A, Muratsu H, Yoshiya S. Symptomatic anomalous insertion of medial meniscus. Arthoscopy: The Journal of Arthoscopic and Related Surgery 2005; 21(5): 629e1-29e4.

21. Karataglis D, Dramis A, Learmonth DJA. Double-layered lateral meniscus: A rare anatomical aberration. The Knee 2006; 13: 415-16.

22. Vidyadhara S, Rao SK, Rao S. Discoid medial meniscus varied presentation of 3 knees. Saudi Med J 2006; 27(6): 888-91.

23. Dashefsky J. Discoid lateral meniscus in three members of a family: Case reports. J Bone Joint Surg Am1971; 53A:1208-10.

24. Ross JA, Tough ICK, English TA. Congenital discoid cartilage: Report of a case of discoid medial cartilage, with an embryological note. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1958; 40: 262- 67.

25. Lee B and Min KD. Abnormal band of the lateral meniscus of the knee. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2000;16 ( 6 ): 1-4.

26. Monllau JC, Leon A, Cugat R, Ballester J. Ring shaped lateral meniscus. Arthroscopy 1998; 14(5): 502-04.

27. Kocher MS, Klingele K, Rassman SO. Meniscal disorders: Normal, discoid and cysts. Orthop Clin N Am 2003; 34: 329-40.

28. Yaniv M, Blumberg N. The discoid meniscus. J Child Orthop 2007; 1: 89-96.

29. Le Minor JM. Comparative morphology of the lateral meniscus of the knee in primates. J.Anat. 1990; 170: 161-71.

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A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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