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IJCRR - 7(13), July, 2015

Pages: 01-08

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ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY IN DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID NODULE

Author: Karthikesh S., N.S. Kannan, C.P. Ganesh Babu, M. Palaniappan

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: The prevalence of clinically palpable thyroid nodules is approximately 4\?7%, but the prevalence of ultrasound-detectable nodules is 19 to 67%. FNAC is widely accepted and has become cornerstone in evaluation of thyroid nodules, because it is a simple and accurate screening test with high sensitivity and specificity in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid lesions. Ultrasound guided FNAC is the most cost-effective and accurate way to evaluate thyroid nodules. Aim: This study was done in an attempt to identify the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound guided FNAC of thyroid nodules and to correlate with the findings of previous authors. Methodology: Thirty two patients with age group greater than 15 years of age presenting with thyroid nodules were included in the study. Ultrasound Guided FNAC was done for all the patients before surgery. Results of Ultrasound Guided FNAC and Histopathology were tabulated and statically analysed to identify the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value and Diagnostic Accuracy of ultrasound guided FNAC of thyroid nodules.
Results:
Female patients were dominant when compared to male patients. The mean age was 49 and 44 for female and male patients respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound guided FNAC of the thyroid swelling were 87.5%, 91.67%, 77.78%, 95.65% and 90.62% respectively. Conclusion: In our study, ultrasound guided FNAC proved to be a better modality for diagnosing the etiology in thyroid nodules that gave a high accuracy rate of 90.62%. Further more studies are needed with the larger sample size to confirm it.

Keywords: Thyroid nodule, Ultrasound guided FNAC, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value, Diagnostic accuracy

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of clinically palpable thyroid nodules is approximately 4–7%, but the prevalence of ultrasounddetectable nodules is 19 to 67%.1 Prevalence of thyroid nodules increases in frequency with age and decreasing iodine intake, history of head and neck irradiation and are more common in females.2,3,4 A family history of thyroid cancer also increases a patient’s risk to develop a thyroid nodule.5 FNAC was first reported by Manheim with the use of fine, 22-gauge needle. The elaboration of FNA by the Swedish school in the forthcoming years was crucial for the establishment of the technique and its world-wide acceptance.6 FNAC is widely accepted and has become cornerstone in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid lesions because it is a simple and accurate screening test with high sensitivity and specificity. It is considered as the gold standard investigation in diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Ultrasound guidance is being increasingly used to direct the fine needle into minute non palpable thyroid nodules or into the solid or peripheral areas of complex nodules to avoid cystic or necrotic areas, which might lead to inadequate samples.7 FNAC done under ultrasound guidance is the most cost-effective and accurate way to evaluate a thyroid nodule.8–11 This study was done in an attempt to identify the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasound guided FNAC in diagnosing thyroid nodules and to correlate with the findings of previous authors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty two consecutive patients presenting with thyroid nodule to the surgery outpatient department of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Pondicherry during the period from 01.02.2013 to 31.07.2014 were included in the study. Cases previously diagnosed by FNAC, pregnant women and toxic nodules were excluded. Ultrasound Guided FNAC was done with the patient in supine position with slight hyperextension of the neck. Local anaesthetic was not routinely used unless requested by the patient. A 7.5-mega-hertz probe was placed on the neck perpendicular to the thyroid, allowing clear visualization of the nodule. A 23 gauge needle was used and the tip of the needle was visualized while it was being guided to the biopsy site. Once the needle was into the solid part of the nodule, 3–5 ml of negative syringe pressure was applied. The aspirate was smeared on slide and fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol for haematoxylin and eosin staining. FNAC reports were documented and correlated with post operative Histopathology report. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were calculated statistically analyzed and documented. The results were compared with those of previous authors.

RESULTS

Out of 32 patients, 27 patients (84.38%) were females and 5 patients (15.62%) were male in this study. Female patients were dominant when compared to male patients. The mean age was 49 and 44 for female and male patients respectively (Figure 1and Table 1). Out of 32 patients, Multinodular goitre was more common than solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goitre was seen in 17 (53%) patients. Solitary thyroid nodule was found in 15 (47%) patients (Figure 2 and Table 2). Out of 32 patients, the benign swelling was found in 24 patients (75%) and the remaining 8 patients (25%) were found to be malignant. In case of male patients, 2 patients were malignant and remaining 3 patients had benign colloid goitre. In case of female patients, 21 patients had benign swelling and 6 patients had malignant swelling (Table 3). Ultrasound guided FNAC was done for all 30 patients. Benign colloid goitre was found in 21 patients (65.63%), papillary carcinoma in 7 patients (21.87%), inadequate sample in 3 patients (9.37%), and follicular neoplasm in 1 patient (3.12%) (Figure 4 and Table 4). Histopathological examination was done for all 32 thyroid swellings in which benign colloid goitre was found in 21 patients (65.63%), papillary carcinoma in 8 patients (25.00%), follicular adenoma in 2 patients (6.25%) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in 1 patient (3.12%) (Figure 5 and Table 5). Out of 17 patients who presented with multinodular goitre, 11 patients (64.70%) were benign, 5 patients (29.41%) were malignant and 1 patient (5.89%) was not reported due to inadequate sample (Figure 6 and Table 6). Out of 15 patients who presented with solitary thyroid nodule, 10 patients (66.67%) were benign, 3 patients (20.00%) were malignant and 2 patients (13.33%) were not reported due to inadequate sample (Figure 7 and Table 6). The results of FNAC showed malignancy in 7 patients in which, 4 patients were presented with MNG and remaining 3 patients presented with STN and also showed follicular neoplasm in 1 patient which was presented as MNG. The frequency of malignancy is more in MNG when compared to STN (Table 7). The result obtained by ultrasound guided FNAC was compared with the postoperative histopathology result. 3 patients showed inadequate sample on FNAC has turned to be benign in 2 patients and malignancy in 1 patient, which was papillary carcinoma. Over all, out of 32 patients, 24 patients (75%) had benign pathology and 8 patients (25%) had malignant pathology (Table 8). The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value and Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound guided FNAC of the thyroid swelling were 87.5%, 91.67, 77.78%, 95.65% and 90.62% respectively (Table 9).

DISCUSSION

There were 32 patients totally, in which 5 were males and 27 were females with the male to female ratio of 1:5.4 in this study, which correlates with KC S et al12 and in contrast with Gupta et al11 with the ratio of 1:11.1, this may be due to double the number of patients (table 10). In the present study of 32 patients who undergone ultrasound guided FNAC showed 21 were benign colloid goitre, 1 was follicular neoplasm, 7 were papillary carcinoma, 3 were inadequate samples. 3 inadequate samples were found in this study when compared to 1 inadequate sample in the study of Chandanwale et al13. The study by Gupta et al11, KC S et al12 and Rajbhandari et al14 had no inadequate sample, which is a demerit in this study. In the present study, follicular neoplasm has been diagnosed as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in histopathology and 3 inadequate samples were diagnosed as 1 with papillary carcinoma and other 2 with colloid goitre in histopathology. (Table 11) A study done by Braga et al15, non-diagnostic and falsenegative results on conventional fine needle aspiration cytology were probably due to cystic thyroid nodules. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology has been a highly effective diagnostic method for the assessment of non palpable nodules which yielded a satisfactory cytology in 94% of the nodules.15 In the study by Gupta et al, there were total of 75 patients who had undergone surgery and their histopathology results showed 42 were benign colloid goitre, 12 were follicular adenoma, 3 were hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 12 were papillary carcinoma, 3 were hurtle cell adenoma, 3 were hurtle cell carcinoma. In the study by Chandawale et al, there were total of 46 patients who had undergone surgery and their histopathology results showed 29 were benign colloid goitre, 3 were follicular adenoma, 3 were hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 5 were papillary carcinoma, 1 hurtle cell adenoma, 1 medullary carcinoma 4 follicular carcinoma and 1 was follicular neoplasm with unmalignant potential. In the study by KC S et al, there were total of patients who had undergone surgery and their histopathology results showed 20 were benign colloid goitre, 3 were follicular adenoma, 3 were hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 27 were papillary carcinoma, 1 medullary carcinoma, 1 thyroglossal cyst and 1 Graves disease. In the study by Rajbhandari et al, there were total of 24 patients who had undergone surgery and their histopathology results showed 6 were benign colloid goitre, 8 were follicular adenoma, 3 were hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 4 were papillary carcinoma and 3 were follicular carcinoma. In the present study, there were total of 32 patients who had undergone surgery and their histopathology results showed 21 were benign colloid goitre, 2 were follicular adenoma, 1 was hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 8 were papillary carcinoma. (Table 12) In the study of Gupta et al, 9 of the 12 cases of papillary carcinoma were correctly diagnosed on FNAC with the diagnostic accuracy of 75%. In the study of KC S et al, 17 of the 27 cases of papillary carcinoma were correctly diagnosed on FNAC with the diagnostic accuracy of 63%. In the study of Chandanwale et al, 4 of the 5 cases of papillary carcinoma were correctly diagnosed on FNAC with the diagnostic accuracy of 80%. In the study of Rajbhandari et al, 3 of the 4 cases of papillary carcinoma were correctly diagnosed on FNAC with the diagnostic accuracy of 75%. In the present study, 7 of the 8 cases of papillary carcinoma were correctly diagnosed on FNAC with the diagnostic accuracy of 87.5%. 1 case of inadequate. In the study by Gupta et al, there were 60 non neoplastic and 15 neoplastic lesions with a ratio of 1:4 In the study by KC S et al, there were 27 non neoplastic and 29 neoplastic lesions with a ratio of 1:1 In the study by Rajbhandari et al, there were 17 non neoplastic and 7 neoplastic lesions with a ratio of 1:2.4 In the present study, there were 24 non neoplastic and 8 neoplastic lesions with a ratio of 1:3 which is consistent with Rajbhandari et al. The study by KC S et al and Gupta et al is contrast from the present study which showed a ratio of 1:1 and 1:4. (Table 14) Gupta et al in their study had a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 86.6% and diagnostic accuracy of 84%. KC S et al in their study had a sensitivity of 62.6%, specificity of 100% and diagnostic accuracy of 82.1%. Chandanwale et al in their study had a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100% and diagnostic accuracy of 87.5%. The present study had a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 91.67, positive predictive value of 77.78%, negative predictive value of 95.65% and diagnostic accuracy of 90.62% which is consistent with chandanwale et al which a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100% and diagnostic accuracy of 87.5%. (Table 15) Izquierdo et al16 has compared cytologic diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and positive predictive value of Ultrasound guided FNAC and palpation guided FNAC. This study showed better results with Ultrasound guided FNAC in comparison with Palpation guided FNAC. The malignancy rate for nonpalpable thyroid nodules and palpable nodules were similar in this study. Krishnappa et al17 has compared the free-hand FNA with US-guided FNA in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of US-guided FNA to detect neoplastic lesions were 81.81%, 92.85%, and 88%respectively, compared with free hand FNA, for which the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 54.54%, 92.85%, and 76% respectively. Ultrasound guided FNAC provides a better diagnostic rate in the evaluation of thyroid lesions. Cesur M et al18 had compared palpation-versus ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. And he concluded that ultrasound guided FNAC to be superior to palpation guided FNAC for providing more accurate cytological results. 20 dollars was the difference as cost wise. Can et al19 compared the cost-effectiveness between palpation and ultrasound-guided thyroid fineneedle aspiration. Authors concluded that universal application of ultrasound guided FNAC for all thyroid nodules is cost-effective and saves 138 Euros per additional accurate diagnosis of benign versus malignant thyroid nodular disease. The study is limited due to its small sample size, so a study with a larger sample will be needed to confirm that ultrasound guided FNAC can be used for all patients to know the etiology of the thyroid swelling.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of our study, we have concluded that: 1. Ultrasound guided FNAC of thyroid nodules helps in taking sample from the representative part of the nodule, avoiding the cystic areas. 2. In our study, the ultrasound guided FNAC of thyroid nodule has given a sensitivity of 87.5%, positive predictive value of 77.78% and negative predictive value of 95.65%, it has yielded a high specificity rate of 91.67% and diagnostic accuracy rate of 90.62%. 3. Hence ultrasound guided FNAC seems to be a promising investigation for thyroid swellings. 4. Since our study sample is very small, further studies involving larger sample is needed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors duly thank the department of general surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research institute and Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, for permitting us to publish the contents of PG Dissertation of Dr. Karthikesh S. as an article in IJCRR. Authors also acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Conflict of interest: All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.\

 

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13. Chandanwale S, Singh N, Kumar H, Pradhan P, Gore C, Rajpal M. Clinicopatholological correlation of thyroid nodules. Int J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;3(3):97–102. 14. Rajbhandari M, Dhakal P, Shrestha S, Sharma S, Shrestha S, Pokharel M, et al. The correlation between fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology of head and neck lesions in Kathmandu University Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J KUMJ. 2013 Dec;11(44):296–9.

15. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaço LM, Graf H. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Sep;86(9):4089–91.

16. Izquierdo R, Arekat MR, Knudson PE, Kartun KF, Khurana K, Kort K, et al. Comparison of palpation-guided versus ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules in an outpatient endocrinology practice. Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;12(6):609–14.

17. Krishnappa P, Ramakrishnappa S, Kulkarni MH. Comparison of free hand versus ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid with histopathological correlation. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol Off Organ Int Soc Environ Toxicol Cancer. 2013;32(2):149–55.

18. Cesur M, Corapcioglu D, Bulut S, Gursoy A, Yilmaz AE, Erdogan N, et al. Comparison of palpation-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy to ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2006 Jun;16(6):555–61.

19. Can AS. Cost-effectiveness comparison between palpationand ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009, 9:14 doi:10.1186/1472- 6823-9-14.

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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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