International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 11(11), JUNE, 2019

Pages: 18-24

Date of Publication: 10-Jun-2019


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

Anti-cancer effect of Gymnema sylvestre Leaf Extract against MG63, Human Osteosarcoma cell line - An in vitro analysis

Author: B. Packialakshmi, S. Raga Sowndriya

Category: Life Sciences

Abstract:Background: Gymnema sylvestre also known as 'GURMAR' is one of the important herbs in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and Indian proprietary medicines.
Objective: In the present investigation, phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities were evaluated in vitro in the aqueous extract from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (AGS).
Methods: Leaf samples were subjected with four different solvents (ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and distilled water) and the four extracts were screened for phytochemicals using different biochemical tests. AGS was subjected to fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze its functional groups. Antioxidant activity of AGS was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using the inhibition of protein denaturation assay and anti-cancer activity was evaluated using MTT assay against MG63 cell lines.
Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, phenols and flavonoids. The FT-IR spectrum with different peak values revealed the presence of various functional compounds in AGS and it showed significant NO radical scavenging activity with the EC50 value of 401.66 \?g/mL. AGS displayed strong anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 17.5 \?g/mL). Moreover, AGS also exhibited significant dose-dependent anti-cancer activity against MG63 cell line and the IC50 value was 19.5 \?g/mL.
Conclusion: The results indicate that Gymnema sylvestre can act as a promising free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent against MG63 human osteosarcoma cell lines. Hence, G. sylvestre can be used as natural antioxidants for preventing the oxidative stress related degenerative diseases..

Keywords: Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory, Free radicals, Gymnema sylvestre, MG63, Osteosarcoma

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Many important valuable medicinal compounds are present in the herbal plants which were proven in the ancient time by some traditional methods1. There are about 45,000 plant species are found in India, in that majority of plant species possess pharmacological significance2. Many plant species consist of bioactive constituents which are used directly as drugs or pharmacological agents. Phytochemicals act as antioxidants by neutralizing free radicals which damage DNA, proteins and lipids. 80% of human population relies on traditional system of medicine for primary health needs and these systems are mainly based on medicinal plants3, 4. Due to the rise in population, there is demand in supply of drugs and also cost for treatments are increased. Sometimes, several synthetic drugs cause side effects and development of resistance to presently using drugs by microbes also increased, recently5. To overcome these problems, now a day, plant materials are used as a source of medicine for a wide range of human ailments. Today plant compounds provide the models for 50% of western drugs6.

Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) is a large tropical plant which is native to central and western India and also found in Africa and in Australia. G. sylvestre is one of the ayurvedic and medicinal herb, have been used for more than 2,000 years in India to treat diabetes. Now a day, there is a demand for G. sylvestre leaves are in pharmaceutical trade because it is an important anti-diabetic medicinal plant. This plant contains pentriacontane, hentriacontane, phytin, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, anthraquinone derivatives, inositol, d-quercitol, gymnemic acids7.

Osteosarcoma, the primary bone malignancy, is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Generally, chemotherapy with agents such as cisplatin, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide is widely used for treating osteosarcoma8. Chemotherapy may result in drug resistance, as well as several side effects including drug-cytotoxicity which causes damage to normal tissues. Therefore, alternative treatments for osteosarcoma need to be considered. At present, cancer-fighting foods are being discussed as potential therapeutic products against osteosarcoma. Various nutritional and functional phytochemicals have been extracted from plants. These plant-derived substances also act as natural anticancer agents9.

Pharmacological studies reveal that G. sylvestre has some medicinal properties such as anti-diabetes, anti-microbial effect, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic effect, larvicidal effect and anti-hepatoprotective activity10,11. However, the anticancer effects of G. sylvestre on human osteosarcoma have not been studied so far. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated No radical scavenging activity and anti- inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of G. sylvestre (AGS). This study was also focused on investigating the anticancer effects of AGS on human osteosarcoma MG63 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material

The healthy and fresh leaves of G. sylvestre were collected from the farms of Coimbatore in the month of December 2018, Tamil Nadu.

Preparation of extracts

The collected leaves of G. sylvestre were shade dried and powered, and extracted in a Soxlet extractor using four different solvents such as distilled water (AGS), ethanol (EGS), acetone (AcGS) and ethyl acetate (EaGS). The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator at 45°C and the dried extracts obtained were stored at −20°C until further use.

Cell lines and Chemicals

MG63 cell lines (Human Osteosarcoma cell) were procured from National centre for cell sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. Cell lines were cultured in minimal essential medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Antibiotics, EDTA and glucose were purchased from Hi-Media laboratories Ltd., Mumbai. 3-(4,5–dimethyl thiazol–2–yl)–5–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), MEM medium, trypsin, Fetal bovine serum, Phosphate buffered saline and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore, India)..

Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals

For preliminary phytochemical analysis, standard procedures were performed in different extracts of G. sylvestre. Phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, saponins and steroids were examined by performing different phytochemical tests12 [Edeoga et al., 2005).

Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) is the most powerful tool to identify the types of chemical bonds or functional groups present in the phytochemicals. The wavelength of light absorbed is the salient feature of the chemical bonds seen in the annotated spectrum. Dried powder of AGS was used for FT-IR analysis (IR-affinity 1, Sigma, Japan) using KBr pellet method13 with a Scan range from 4000 to 400cm−1.

Estimation of total phenolic content:

The total phenol in AGS was measured according to the method of Singleton and Rossi14. 1.0 mL of the extract was mixed with 1.0 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and 1.0 mL of saturated sodium carbonate (35%) was added to the mixture after 3 min. The mixture was made up to 10 mL by adding deionised water and kept for 90 min at room temperature in the dark. The absorbance was measured immediately against the prepared blank at 725 nm. Gallic acid was used as the reference standard. The total phenol content is expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of extract.

Estimation of total flavonoid content:        

Total flavonoid content in AGS was evaluated as described by Jia et al15. 0.25 mL of extract was diluted with 1.25 mL of distilled water and 75 µL of a 5% sodium nitrite were added. After 6 min, 150 µL of 10% aluminium chloride was added and mixed. After 5 min, 0.5 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide was added. The absorbance was measured at 510 nm against the blank. Rutin was used as the reference standard. The total flavonoid content is expressed as milligrams of rutin equivalents (RE) per gram of extract.

Total antioxidant activity assay (Phosphomolybdenum assay):

The antioxidant activity of the sample was determined by phosphomolybdenum method16. An aliquot of 0.1 mL of sample solution was mixed with 1 mL of the reagent solution (0.6 M sulphuric acid, 4 mM ammonium molybdate and 28 mM sodium phosphate). The tubes were capped with silver foil and kept at 95°C for 90 min and cooled to room temperature. The absorbance was measured at 695 nm against a blank. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard and total antioxidant capacity was expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of extract.

Nitric oxide scavenging activity assay

Nitric oxide (NO) released from sodium nitroprusside was evaluated using Griess reaction17. Different concentrations of AGS (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide) was added with sodium nitroprusside (5 mM) in phosphate?buffered saline and incubated at room temperature for 2.5h. After incubation, 500 μL of sample was diluted with 500 μL of griess reagent. The absorbance was measured at 695 nm against a blank. Gallic acid was used as the positive control. The percentage nitrite radical scavenging activity of AGS and gallic acid were calculated using the following formula: [(Acontrol-Atest)/ Acontrol]×100, where Acontrol was the absorbance of the control, and Atest was the absorbance of the test.

In vitro anti?inflammatory activity – Protein denaturation method

Aqueous extract of G. sylvestre (0.05 mL) at various concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/mL) and standard drug, diclofenac sodium (0.05 mL) at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/mL) were taken separately and 0.5% BSA (0.45 mL) was added to both test and standard drug solution. Test control consisted of 0.05 mL of distilled water and 0.45mL of BSA. The samples were incubated at 37°c for 20 min and the temperature was increased progressively up to 57°C for 3 min. After cooling, add 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer to the above solutions after 20 min. The absorbance was measured at 416 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer18. The results were compared with the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. The percentage inhibition of protein denaturation can be calculated as.

Percentage Inhibition = 100 – [{(Absorbance of test – Absorbance of standard drug) / Absorbance of test control}/ × 100].

In vitro anti-cancer activity – MTT assay

MTT assay is a cytotoxic assay which is frequently used to identify the toxicity level of the test sample. The antiproliferative activity of AGS was measured using the 3?(4,5?dimethylthiazol?2?yl)?2,5?diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MG63 cell lines were used to evaluate the anti-cancer activity. The different concentrations of AGS (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/mL) were supplemented to cell lines in 96-well plates. After the removal of exhausted media, the MTT reagent (5 μg/mL) added in all wells, and plates were incubated at 37 °C for 3 h. Subsequently, the MTT solution was replaced with dimethyl sulfoxide. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader19. The graph for percentage of cell viability was plotted to calculate IC50 value.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were carried out in triplicates and the results are presented as mean±SD. Data were analysed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) with least significance difference (LSD), p<0.05 as a level of significance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Phytochemical screening

Phytochemicals  such  as  alkaloids,  terpenoid,  steroids, saponins  were  processed  the  standard  methods,  phytochemical analysis  of  plant  was  need  to  discover  and  extended  to  novel therapeutically  agents  with  improved  efficiency.Phytochemicals  such  as  alkaloids,  terpenoid,  steroids, saponins  were  processed  the  standard  methods,  phytochemical analysis  of  plant  was need  to  discover  and  extended  to  novel therapeutically  agents  with  improved  efficiency. Phytochemicals  such  as  alkaloids,  terpenoid,  steroids, saponins  were  processed  the  standard  methods,  phytochemical analysis  of  plant  was  need  to  discover  and  extended  to  novel

therapeutically  agents  with  improved  efficiency.Phytochemicals  such  as  alkaloids,  terpenoid,  steroids, saponins  were  processed  the  standard  methods,  phytochemical analysis  of  plant  was  need  to  discover  and  extended  to  novel therapeutically  agents  with  improved  efficiency.

The secondary metabolites such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids are reported to have many biological and therapeutic properties through free radical scavenging activity20. The analysis and characterization of these bioactive compounds from plants is important to determine their medicinal value. The phytochemicals extraction depends on the diffusion of each compound in the plant material matrix into the solvent21. The factor that needs to be considered when selecting the solvent for phytochemicals extraction is the solubility of the target compound22, 23.

Preliminary phytochemical screening was done in AGS, EGS, AcGS and EaGS extracts to find out the existence of certain phytoconstituents such as phenols, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins and steroids and the results were shown in Table-1. AGS showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, phenols and flavonoids. EGS showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. AcGS showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, phenols and flavonoids. Alkaloids, phenols and proteins were present in EaGS. AGS was found to possess more phytochemicals compared to other extracts. Thus further studies were carried out on AGS.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)

FT-IR spectroscopy was done in order to find out the molecular properties and functional groups of AGS. The FT-IR spectrum of AGS is shown in Fig. 1. The presence of variety of functional groups made the AGS spectra very complex. The absorption peaks at 3819-3000 cm−1 was for O–H stretching, 2924 cm-1 was for C−H stretching vibrations in fatty acids, 1620cm-1 was for amide I and amide II absorptions of proteins, 1460-1150 cm-1 was for esters and aliphatic chains of fatty acids and 1200-800 cm−1 was for C=O and C−C stretching of acids24. A very intense peak at 3387 cm−1 was due to the stretching of N-H. The strong absorption peaks at 2376 & 2330 cm−1 was due to the stretching vibration of O=C=O. The signal at 2059 cm−1 was an indicative of multiple bonded CO group25. The very intense peak at 1033 cm−1 indicated C-N stretching. The absorption peak near 500 cm−1 to 600 cm−1 was for C-I stretching. The signal at 833 cm−1 was for aromatic C-H out of plane bend26.

Quantification of phytochemical components

Phenols and flavonoids are natural antioxidants and have also been proven to significantly increase antioxidant activities27. Phenolics are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and it exhibited several biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities in several studies28. Flavonoids are known as nature’s drug which is excellent free radical scavengers and has also been proven to have numerous pharmacological and biological activities29. Total phenols and flavonoid content of AGS was listed in table 2. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 3.57 mg GAE/g extract and 7.41 mg RE/g extract respectively.

Total antioxidant capacity assay

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very toxic and play an important role in the development of many human diseases. Many secondary metabolites like polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids serve as sources of antioxidants and perform radical scavenging activity. The total antioxidant capacity of AGS was measured spectrometrically by phosphomolybdenum method, which is based on the reduction of Mo (IV) to Mo (V) by the analyte and the subsequent formation of green phosphate/Mo (V) compounds with a maximum absorption at 695 nm30. AGS exhibited different degrees of antioxidant capacity (Table 2) and the value was 23.07 mg AAE/g. The excellent antioxidant capacity might be due to the presence of phytochemicals present in AGS.

NO radical scavenging assay

Nitric oxide plays an important role in various inflammatory processes. It is a chemical mediator produced by macrophages, neurons and endothelial cells which is involved in the regulation of different physiological processes31. When NO reacts with free radicals, it will become very toxic and reactive peroxy nitrate anion and may contribute to the development of various carcinomas32. AGS exhibited a strong scavenging activity of NO. At concentrations of 100-500 µg/mL, the scavenging abilities were between 12.61% - 60.72% for AGS and 29.14 % - 94.25% for gallic acid. The standard drug, gallic acid (EC50 = 259.31 µg/mL) exhibited significantly (P <0.05) high NO radical scavenging activity when compared with AGS (EC50 = 401.66 µg/mL). This may be due to the antioxidant phytochemicals present in AGS by preventing the formation of nitrite. Hyriopsis cumingii extracts showed more NO scavenging activity, which may be due to the presence of phenolics33.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity (Protein denaturation method)

Proteins denaturation is an important cause of inflammation. Protein denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their structure because of the external stress which leads to the loss of biological function34. The effects of AGS on inhibition of protein denaturation are shown in Figure 3. AGS at different concentrations (20 – 100 µg/mL) provided significant protection against denaturation of BSA. In this study, AGS showed maximum inhibition, 72.61% at 100 μg/ml. There was a significant difference in percentage inhibition of protein (BSA) denaturation between the concentrations tested (P <0.05). The IC50 value of AGS was found to be 63.67 µg /mL and the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium was found to be 51.28µg/mL. From these results, it can be stated that AGS is capable of controlling the auto-antigen production and inhibits protein denaturation in arthritic disease35. Anti-inflammatory activity of AGS is attributed to alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, phenols and flavonoids.

In vitro anti-cancer activity

The MTT assay is one of the most widely used assays to evaluate preliminary anticancer activity of synthetic products and natural extracts36. It is a highly reliable and colorimetric assay to assess cytotoxicity and could be performed in any type of cell lines. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of AGS, a MTT assay was performed on human osteosarcoma MG63 cell line. MG63 cell lines were treated with AGS at different concentrations (10 μg to 50 μg) and IC50 (50% growth inhibition) value was determined37. The cancer cell lines were inhibited significantly with the increasing of AGS concentration (Fig. 4). A chart was plotted using the concentration of the AGS in X- axis and the percentage of cytotoxicity in Y- axis. AGS showed maximum cytotoxicity, 72.56% at 50 μg/ml and the IC50 value was found to be 19.5 μg/mL. Control did not show any cytotoxicity. The Limit of cytotoxic activity for the crude extract according to National Cancer Institute (NCI), are IC50 < 20 ????g/mL38. The IC50 of AGS fall within the NCI guidelines limit, thus it has potential anticancer activity against MG63 cells. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of secondary metabolites in AGS. Therefore, the cytotoxic effect of AGS might be due to the presence of these secondary metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, phenols and flavonoids in the aqeous extract of G. sylvestre. The extract effectively scavenged the nitrite radical and also showed potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity against MG63. These activities may be due to the strong occurrence of polyphenolic compounds. This study gives on idea that this extract can be used to design a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are thankful to the Principal and management of PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India for their constant support and help to conduct this research work. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Department of Biotechnology, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, India, for providing the laboratory facilities to execute the cell culture experiments.

Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.

Financial support: Nil

References:

REFERENCES

  1. Nair SS, Kavrekar V, Mishra A. Evaluation of in vitro anti diabetic activity of selected plant extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Invention 2013;2(4):12-19.

  2. Rikke Stamp Thorsen. Traditional medicine for the rich and knowledgeable. Challenging assumptions about treatment-seeking behaviour in rural and peri-urban. Health Policy and Planning 2015;31(3):314-324.

  3. Pragya T, Mishra BN, Sangwan NS. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: An important medicinal plant. Biomed Research International 2014; Article ID 830285:18 pg.

  4. Chung KT, Wong TY, Wei CI, Huang YW, Lin Y. Tannins and human health: a review. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, TN 38152, USA. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1998;38(6):421-64.

  5. Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of calotropis gigantea Linn. Pharmacology online 2011;1:1-8.

  6. Austin DJ, Kristinsson KG, Anderson RM. The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1999;96(3):1152.

  7. Reddy PS, Gopal GR, Sita GL. In vitro multiplication of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br, An important medicinal plant. Current Science 2004;75(8):843-845.

  8. Unni K K, Dahlin DC. Dahlin's bone tumors: general aspects and data on 11,087 cases. 1996;5th. Philadelphia, Penn, USA: Lippincott-Raven.

  9. Ritch-Kro EM, Turner NJ, Towers GH. Carrier herbal medicine: An evaluation of the antimicrobial and anti cancer activity in some frequently used remedies. J Ethnol Pharmacol 1996;52(3):151-156. 

  10. Catherine U, Tracee RA, Ethan B, Theresa DH, Ivo Foppa Paul Hammerness, Erica Rusie, Shaina Tanguay-Colucci, Sarah Taylor, Minney Varghese. An evidence-based systematic review of Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2011;8(3):311-30.

  11. Elisha Solowey, Michal Lichtenstein, Sarah Sallon, Helena Paavilainen, Elaine Solowey,  Haya Lorberboum-Galsk. Evaluating medicinal plants for anticancer activity. The Sci World J 2014;Article ID 721402:12 pg.

  12. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol 2005;4(7):685-688.

  13. Pustjens AM, Schols HA, Kabel MA, Gruppen H. Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides from rape seed (Brassica napus) meal. Carbohydrate Polymers 2013;98:1650-1656.

  14. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Viticult 1965; 16:44-158.

  15. Jia Z, Tang M, Wu J. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 1999;64:555-599.

  16. Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex, specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem 1999;269:337-341.

  17. Govindarajan R, Rastogi S, Vijayakumar M, Shirwaikar A, Rawat AK, Mehrotra S, et al. Studies on the antioxidant activities of Desmodium gangeticum. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(10):1424-7.

  18. Sheelarani T, Gopal V, Seethalakshmi S, Chitra K. In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of selected medicinal plant. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014;28:162-163.

  19. Janki BP. An in vitro anticancer activity of aqueous extract of Triticum aestivum on hep2 human epithelioma of larynx cell line. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2016;5(6):1520-1530.

  20. Parimala Devi B, Ramasubramaniaraja R. Pharmacognostical and antimicrobial screening of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br, and evaluation of Gurmar herbal tooth paste and powder, composed of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br, extracts in dental caries. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2010;1(3):1-16. 

  21. Shi J, Nawaz H, Pohorly J, Mittal G, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y. Extraction of polyphenolics from plant material for functional foods-Engineering and Technology. Food Rev Int 2005;21(1):139-166.

  22. Seidel V. Initial and bulk extraction of natural products isolation. Met Mol Bio;2012;27-41.

  23. Tiwari B, Brunton N, Brennan C. Handbook of plant food phytochemicals 2013; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

  24. Parag A, Pednekar BR. Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential with FT-IR analysis of Ampelocissus latifolia (roxb.) Planch leaves. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013;6(1): 67-73.

  25. Renuka B, Sanjeev B, Ranganathan D. Evaluation of phytoconstituents of Caralluma nilagirina by FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis. J Pharm Phytochem  2016;5(2):105-108.

  26. Ragavendran P, Sophia D, Arul Raj C, Gopalakrishnan VK. Functional group analysis of various extracts of Aerva lanata (L.,) by FTIR spectrum. Pharmacologyonline 2011;1:358-364.

  27. Toyokuni S, Tanaka T, Kawaguchi W, Fang NR, Ozeki M, Akatsuka S, et al. Effects of the phenolic contents of Mauritian endemic plant extracts on promoter activities of antioxidant enzymes. Free Radic Res 2003;37:1215?24.

  28. Mungole AJ, Awati R, Chaturvedi A, Zanwar P. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Ipomoea obscura (L) -A hepatoprotective medicinal plant. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2010;2:2307-2312.

  29. Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, et al. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47:3954?62.

  30. Mohamed Imran M, Mohamed Mahroop Raja M, Abdul Basith J, Asarudeen A. Determination of total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of edible mushrooms Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus eous. Int Food Res J 2011; 18:579-582.

  31. Middleton EJ, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2000;52:673?751.

  32. Suresh S, Suriyavathana M. In vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Anisomeles malabarica. Int Res J Pharm 2012;3:394?398.

  33. Qiao D, Ke C, Hu B, Luo J, Ye H, Sun Y, et al. Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Hyriopsis cumingii. Carbohyd Polym 2009;78:199?204.

  34. Grant NH, Alburn HE, Kryzanauskas C. Stabilization of serum albumin by anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1970;19:715-722.

  35. Chandra S, Chatterjee P, Dey P, Bhattacharya S. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of coffee against the denaturation of protein. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S178-S180.

  36. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Met 1983;65:55-63.

  37. Singh K, Deo B. Phytochemical evaluation and in vitro antioxidant activity of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. J Med Plants Stud 2014;2(4):19-23.

  38. Boik J. Natural Compounds in Cancer Therapy, Oregon Medical Press, Minnesota, Minn, USA. (ISBN 0-9648280-1-4), Pharm Biol 2001;40(1):79-79.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions