International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 11(6), March, 2019

Pages: 01-07

Date of Publication: 30-Mar-2019


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

A Study of Histopathological Spectrum of Non Neoplastic Urothelial Lesions

Author: Nisha Attri, Madan Kumar Solanki

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Specimens from the bladder are commonly encountered by the general surgical pathologist. Emphasis is usually placed on the neoplasms of bladder, particularly if malignant, owing to their bad prognosis. A good command of benign lesions occurring in the bladder, and knowledge of their preneoplastic potential will help pathologists to confidently diagnose malignancy versus its benign mimickers and guide the urologists in choosing the appropriate therapy for the patient.
Aims & Objectives: To present a mixture of benign entities, and discuss their histologic characteristics, hoping to provide a practical review for the general surgical pathologist.
To discuss group of benign disorders that can cause diffuse bladder wall thickening and might be misdiagnosed as malignancy on cystoscopy.
Material and Methods: A retrospective study of 10 years was carried out on bladder biopsies received from Jan 2004 to Dec 2014 at a tertiary care hospital in mumbai. The histopathological records of patients were screened for collection of data like age, sex, clinical history, gross and microscopy. The final diagnosis was given on routine Hematoxylin & Eosin stained sections.
Results: Total 123 cases of non neoplastic bladder lesions were studied, out of which 69 were males and 54 were females with male to female ratio being 1.3:1.The spectrum of non neoplastic pathological lesions included cystitis, nephrogenic adenoma, BCG induced granuloma, malakoplakia and endometriosis. Cystitis was the most common finding. Most common age group affected by the non neoplastic lesions was 41-50 years of age.
Conclusion: A wide variety of benign entities are present in the bladder and are more commonly encountered by the general surgical pathologist. Knowledge of the histologic characteristics of these lesions, their preneoplastic potential, and the possible pitfalls can help the pathologist serve the patient better.

Keywords: Bladder, Benign, Cystitis, Histopathological spectrum, Non neoplastic

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions, are responsible for substantial morbidity throughout the world. The non-neoplastic lesions in particular cystitis comprise an imperative source of symptoms and signs. These diseases are considered more disabling than fatal. Precise diagnosis of urinary bladder lesions requires concurrent data from urology, radiology and surgical pathology. After cystoscopy, histopathology is considered as the primary diagnostic tool for patients who are suspected of having bladder tumours because there is direct light microscopic visualization of the bladder mucosa pathology. Emphasis is usually placed on the neoplasms of bladder, particularly if malignant, owing to their bad prognosis. A good command of benign lesions occurring in the bladder, and knowledge of their preneoplastic potential will help pathologists to confidently diagnose malignancy versus its benign mimickers and guide the urologists in choosing the appropriate therapy  for the patient.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

To present a mixture of benign entities, and discuss their histologic characteristics, hoping to provide a practical review for the general surgical pathologist.

To discuss group of benign disorders that can cause diffuse bladder wall thickening and might be misdiagnosed as malignancy on cystoscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was done over a period of ten years in the Department of Pathology, T.N.M.C & B.Y.L Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai from 1st Jan 2004 to 31st Dec 2014 and included 123 cases. The material for the study was comprised of biopsies from Transurethral resection of bladder tissue (TURBT). The biopsy specimens were received in 10% formalin. Data was collected in a preset performa. The histopathology records of patients were screened for collection of data like age, sex, clinical history, gross, microscopic findings and final diagnosis. All details of the patients were used anonymously and identity of the subject was not revealed anywhere in the study. The entire tissue was processed in all the cases. Routine processing was done starting from fixation, dehydration, embedding and section cutting. Staining was done by Hematoxylin and eosin . Histopathological examination of specimens was carried out and the lesions were classified into various types on light microscopy. Data was analyzed and tabulated for evaluation.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

  • All the TURBT biopsies received in the Department of Pathology, T.N.M.C & B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai from Jan 2004-Dec 2014.

  • Adequacy of biopsy sample.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

  • Autolysed specimen

  • Inadequate biopsies.

  • .All patients with incomplete data regarding clinical profile and histopathological reports were excluded from study.

RESULTS

A total of 123 urinary bladder biopsies were studied in a period 10 years. Hematuria was the most common clinical symptom in 28 cases followed by dysuria in 21 cases, increased frequency in 16 cases and burning micturition in 15 cases.

Age of the patients in our study ranged from 41 years to 80 years with a

peak age incidence of 66 cases in the 4th  decade followed

by 35 cases in the 5th decade. Least number of cases were seen

in 7th and 8th  decade.

Males were more commonly affected than females. In the present

study there were 69 male patients (56.1%) and 54 females (43.9%)

with M:F ratio of 1.3:1.

Among the 123 cases of non-neoplastic lesions, majority were of papillary/polypoidal cystitis (35.77%). Other conditions in descending order were chronic non specific cystitis (23.58%), tubercular cystitis (17.8%), acute cystitis (10.57%), follicular cystitis (1.63%), acute on chronic cystitis (1.63%), nephrogenic adenoma (1.63%), BCG induced granuloma (1.63%), malackoplakia (0.82%), haemorrhagic cystitis (0.82%)  and endometriosis (0.82%).

Average non neoplastic cases were 10-20 per year.

Non neoplastic lesions were most commonly seen in the 4th decade. Amongst the total 123 non neoplastic cases, 53.65% were seen in the 4th to 5th decade.

Out of the 123 non neoplastic cases, 56.1% were males and 43.9% were females.

Out of 123 non neoplastic lesions patients mostly presented with hematuria (38 cases), dysuria (26 cases), frequency (21 cases) and burning micturition (19 cases).

Out of 123 non neoplastic cases, majority were of papillary / polypoidal cystitis (35.77%).Other conditions in descending order were chronic non specific cystitis(23.58%), tubercular cystitis(17.8%), acute cystitis(10.57%), follicular cystitis(1.63%), acute on chronic cystitis(1.63%), nephrogenic adenoma (1.63%), BCG induced granuloma (1.63%) , malackoplakia (0.82%), haemorrhagic cystitis (0.82%), and endometriosis (0.82%)

 

Out of 88 cases of cystitis, 14.6% of the cases showed von Brunn’s nests.

DISCUSSION:

The term 'von Brunn's nests' refers to the presence of nests of transitional cells in the lamina propria, detached from the overlying urothelium. These nests arise by a process of invagination from the overlying urothelium and the term von Brunn's buds can be used when they are attached to the urothelium. It is the detachment from the overlying epithelium that can be problematic, particularly if the nests lie deeper in the lamina propria and are numerous.

Wiener et al and Volmar et al reported the occurrence of von Brunn nests in 89% of normal bladder mucosa. (1) (2). In our study, 14.6% of the cases of cystitis showed von Brunn’s nests. Srikousthubha et al had also shown the association of von Brunn’s nest with cystitis, which is in consonance with our observation (3). (Table-6) (n=18) (FIGURE-1)

Hameed and Humphrey reported cystitis cystica as a group of urothelial disorders featuring cystic cavities in the center of the von Brunn nests and dilated cystic cavities lining the true urothelium while the term cystitis glandularis was attributed to the glandular epithelium with mucosal cells mostly lining the cystic cavity, with cuboidal or columnar epithelium (4). In autopsy cases Harik and O' Toole reported cystitis cystica and glandularis in 60% of the normal bladder mucosa (5). Hameed and Humphrey emphasized that there is no relationship between the appearance of lesion in the bladder and the occurrence of bladder cancer (4).

In contrast to the typical form of cystitis glandularis, during the present study it was found that the cells lining the glands in the intestinal type cases were tall and columnar with abundant mucin. These cells were admixed with goblet cells and the epithelium resembled to that of the intestine. The two types of cystitis glandularis may coexist. In the present study, 3.3% cases of the non neoplastic lesions showed cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis. (n=4) (FIGURE-2,3 &4)

Cystitis (91.8%) was documented as the most common non neoplastic lesion during the present study. There were cases of papillary polypoidal cystitis, tubercular cystitis, follicular cystitis, haemorrhagic cystitis and chronic non specific cystitis. In a study done in India by Kumar et al, 35% cases of cystitis were reported (6). Vaidya et al, in their study found 58.95% cases of chronic non specific cystitis (7). Srikoustubha et al in their study reported 25 non neoplastic cases and 21 cases (84%) of inflammatory lesions (3). Out of the 21 inflammatory lesions,15 cases (71.4%) were of polypoid chronic non specific cystitis, 3 cases (14.28%) were of tubercular cystitis and 1 case (4.76%) each of follicular cystitis, malackoplakia and squamous metaplasia. (n=113)

Papillary  polypoidal cystitis refers to an exophytic , inflammatory lesion that occurs mostly due to the presence of indwelling catheters  and is characterised histologically by normal to hyperplastic urothelium overlying a congested, chronically inflamed, and edematous stroma. Although these exophytic lesions grossly mimic a papillary neoplasm, they can be easily distinguished as an inflammatory pseudopolyp on microscopy. It usually arises when inflammation accompanied by edema leads to the papillae or polyp formation. The term papillary cystitis refers to when thin finger-like papillae are present, and polypoid cystitis when the lesions are edematous and broad based. Consistent with the several studies, our study encountered 44 cases (35.77%) of papillary polypoidal cystitis. Most of the cases had history of catheterisation and showed thickened bladder walls on sonography and congested mucosa on cystoscopy. Microscopically, lamina propria showed edema and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. (n=44) (FIGURE-5,6)

Another entity, tubercular cystitis was also encountered. The kidneys are the most common site of infection in genitourinary tuberculosis and are infected through hematogenous spread of the bacilli. Bladder lesions are without exeption secondary to renal tuberculosis. The diagnosis is based on culture studies by isolation of the causative organism, but biopsy occasionally may be required. In the present study all the 22 cases (17.8%) of tubercular cystitis showed the characteristic epithelioid cell granulomas, histiocytes, lymphocytes and langhan’s type of giant cells. As many as 5 cases (4.1%) showed caseous necrosis. Vaidya et al, in their study found 0.93% cases of Tubercular cystitis (7). Appropriate stains should reveal the presence of acid-fast bacilli (8). (n=22) (FIGURE-7)

Another entity, follicular cystitis was used to describe the presence of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers in the wall of the urinary bladder (9). The term is a misnomer because it does not necessarily indicate inflammation. However, it does sometimes follow infection, repeated transurethral biopsies, or the instillation of intravesical chemoherapeutic agents or BCG. In the present study it was encountered in 1.63% cases of non neoplasic lesions. (n=2) (FIGURE-8)

Haemorrhagic cystitis which was known to occur from intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents such as thiotepa and mitomycin C was also encountered. These agents induce cytologic atypia (which can be confused with CIS), including cytomegaly, pleomorphism, and hyperchromasia (10). These changes were limited to the superficial cells and mitotic activity was not evident. Microscopically, the bladder was characterized by marked edema and haemorrhage throughout the lamina propria, with ulceration and fibrinopurulent exudate. During the regenerative stage, macrophages and fibroblasts occupied the lamina propria, whereas the overlying epithelium exhibited an increased mitotic rate, increased thickness, and marked atypia (11) (12) . Presently it was diagnosed in 0.82% of the non neoplastic cases examined. (n=1) (FIGURE-9)

Malakoplakia, reported to be a rare chronic inflammatory disease ,was first described by Michaelis and Gutmann in 1902. It is known to have a female predominance with 50 years as an average age of presentation (13). From etiology point of view malakoplakia has been reported to represent a peculiar response to infection which has been attributed to disturbed immune response or abnormal macrophage or lysosomal activity in the host (14) (15). Its occurrence has been reported in the renal pelvis, ureter and urethera (16). In the present study, only one case (0.82%) of malakoplakia was encountered in a 45 years old female, which on microscopy showed Michaelis Gutmann bodies and numerous histiocytes infiltrating the lamina propria. (n=1) (FIGURE-10)

Nephrogenic adenoma , a metaplastic lesion was characterized by aggregates of cuboidal or hobnail cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and small nuclei without prominent nucleoli (17). These cells lined thin papillary fronds on the surface or formed tubular structures within the lamina propria of the bladder . It was fairly well circumscribed and did not extend into the muscularis propria. It was thought to result from an inflammatory insult or local injury (18). It was originally described in the trigone and given its name because it was thought to arise from mesonephric rests. This process has generally been thought to be metaplastic and the terms 'nephrogenic metaplasia' or adenomatous metaplasia' are preferred by some. Recently Mazal et al. studied cases of nephrogenic adenoma in kidney transplant recipients (19). Based on fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and lectin studies, it was concluded that these lesions were derived from shed tubular cells originating from the transplanted kidney rather than a metaplastic process. Other authors have come to the same conclusion, based on other data, including the expression of PAX2 (20).

However several features of the tubular component of nephrogenic adenoma may pose particular diagnostic difficulty and merit emphasis. Tiny tubules containing mucin and apparently lined by a single cell with a compressed nucleus may simulate signet cells. The haphazard distribution of the tubules may simulate the appearance of invasive adenocarcinoma.  Oliva and Young reviewed the microscopic appearances of 80 cases with unusual nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary tract . Only 2 cases (1.63%) were documented in the present study. (n=2) (FIGURE-11)

Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) and high risk papillary carcinomas were commonly treated with intravesical installations of BCG which induced an intense inflammatory reaction (21). It was characterized by the presence of non caseating epithelioid cell granulomas and multinucleated giant cells. The granulomas were situated in the superficial third of the lamina propria and were associated with an intense lymphocytic infiltrate. In the present study only 1.63% of the non neoplastic lesions were documented as BCG induced granulomas. (n=2)

Genitourinary involvement by endometriosis was seen in 1% to 2% of cases. More than 200 cases of vesical endometriosis have been described, making bladder the most common site of involvement within the urinary tract (22) . It affected women between the second and fifth decades of life, but rarely seen in postmenopausal women receiving exogenous estrogen . Interestingly, rare cases of vesical endometriosis have been reported in men with prostate carcinoma who were receiving exogenous estrogen therapy (23) (24). The occurrence in men most likely represented activation of müllerian rests by exogenous estrogens.

Clinically, patients presented with urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain, and rarely hematuria. A mass was frequently apparent either by palpation or cystoscopic examination (25) . Microscopically, the lesion resembled endometriosis elsewhere; endometrium-like glands seen in association with endometrial stromal cells and recent or old hemorrhage. Only 1 case of endometriosis was encountered during this study. (n=1) (FIGURE-12)

CONCLUSION: A wide variety of benign entities present in the bladder  are more commonly encountered by the general surgical pathologist. Knowledge of the histologic characteristics of these lesions, their preneoplastic potential, and the possible pitfalls can help the pathologist serve the patient better.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; Special thanks to Dr. Vinaya B.Shah for her expert guidance and to the Head, Department of Pathology, T.N.M.C & B.Y.L. Nair Hospital, Mumbai for providing with all necessary facilities. Authors also acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references. The authors are grateful to editors and publishers of all those articles , journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed  and discussed.

CONFLICTING INTERESTS; None

FUNDING; None

References:

1. Wiener DP, Koss LG, Sablay B, Freed SZ. The prevalence and significance of Brunn’s nests, cystitis cystica and squamous metaplasia in normal bladders. J Urol. 1979 Sep;122(3):317–21.

2. Volmar KE, Chan TY, De Marzo AM, Epstein JI. Florid von Brunn nests mimicking urothelial carcinoma: a morphologic and immunohistochemical comparison to the nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Sep;27(9):1243–52.

3. Srikousthubha, Sukesh, C V R, Hingle S. Profile of lesions in cystoscopic bladder biopsies: a histopathological study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Aug;7(8):1609–12.

4. Hameed O, Humphrey PA. Pseudoneoplastic mimics of prostate and bladder carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Mar;134(3):427–43.

5. Harik LR, O’Toole KM. Nonneoplastic Lesions of the Prostate and Bladder. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012 Jul;136(7):721–34.

6. Kumar M, Yelikar BR. Spectrum of Lesions in Cystoscopic Bladder Biopsies -A Histopathological Study. Ai Ameen J Med Sci. 2012;5(2):1–3.

7. Vaidya S, Lakhey M, K C S, Hirachand S. Urothelial tumours of the urinary bladder: a histopathological study of cystoscopic biopsies. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2013;52(191):475-8.

8. Lage JM, Bauer WC, Kelley DR, Ratliff TL, Catalona WJ. Histological parameters and pitfalls in the interpretation of bladder biopsies in bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1986 May;135(5):916–9.

9. Sarma KP. On the nature of cystitis follicularis. J Urol. 1970 Nov;104(5):709–14.

10. Murphy WM, Soloway MS, Lin CJ. Morphologic effects of thio-TEPA on mammalian urothelium. Changes in abnormal cells. Acta Cytol. 1978;22(6):550–4.

11. Philips FS, Sternberg SS, Cronin AP, Vidal PM. Cyclophosphamide and urinary bladder toxicity. Cancer Res. 1961 Dec;21:1577–89.

12. Beyer-Boon ME, de Voogt HJ, Schaberg A. The effects of cyclophosphamide treatment on the epithelium and stroma of the urinary bladder. Eur J Cancer.1978 Oct;14(10):1029-35.

13. Michaelis L GC. Einschlusse in blastentumoren. Z Klin Med. 1902;47:208–15.

14. Damjanov I, Katz SM. Malakoplakia. Pathol Annu. 1981;16(Pt 2):103–26.

15. Stanton MJ, Maxted W. Malacoplakia: a study of the literature and current concepts of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol. 1981 Feb;125(2):139–46.

16. Sharma TC, Kagan HN, Sheils JP. Malacoplakia of the male urethra. J Urol. 1981 Jun;125(6):885–6.

17. Bhagavan BS, Tiamson EM, Wenk RE, Berger BW, Hamamoto G, Eggleston JC. Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder and urethra. Hum Pathol. 1981 Oct;12(10):907–16.

18. Stilmant MM, Siroky MB. Nephrogenic adenoma associated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment: a report of 2 cases. J Urol. 1986 Feb;135(2):359–61.

19. Mazal PR, Schaufler R, Altenhuber-Müller R, Haitel A, Watschinger B, Kratzik C, et al. Derivation of Nephrogenic Adenomas from Renal Tubular Cells in Kidney-Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 29;347(9):653–9.

20. Rahemtullah A and Olivia E 2006. Nephrogenic Adenoma: An update on an innocuous but troublesome entity. Ad Anat Pathol. 2006;13:247–55.

21. Young RH, Bostwick DG. Florid cystitis glandularis of intestinal type with mucin extravasation: a mimic of adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996 Dec;20(12):1462–8.

22. Melamed M.R. VNG and GH. The urinary sediment cytology in a case of malakoplakia. Acta Cytol. 1962;6:471–4.

23. Lewin KJ, Fair WR, Steigbigel RT, Winberg CD, Droller MJ. Clinical and laboratory studies into the pathogenesis of malacoplakia. J Clin Pathol. 1976 Apr;29(4):354–63.

24. Nieh PT, Althausen AF. Malacoplakia of the ureter. J Urol. 1979 Nov;122(5):701–2.

25. Sharma TC, Kagan HN, Sheils JP. Malacoplakia of the male urethra. J Urol. 1981 Jun;125(6):885–6.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions