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IJCRR - 10(6), March, 2018

Pages: 31-36

Date of Publication: 28-Mar-2018

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Fulvestrant Efficacy in Artificial Menopausal Hormone Receptor Positive and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients under 50 Years Old

Author: Caglayan Geredeli, Nurgul Yasar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: This study investigated the efficacy of fulvestrant in premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer who developed artificial menopause using a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Istanbul Okmeydani Education and Research Hospital.
Results: A total of 37 patients were evaluated, with a median age of 39 years old (range 27\?49) and a median follow-up time of 20.2 months (0\?78). Of these patients, 86.5% had invasive ductal carcinoma, 5.4% had invasive lobular carcinoma. Bone metastasis was found in 83.8% of the patients, lung metastasis in 21.6%, lymph node metastasis in 16.2%, liver metastasis in 13.5%, and brain metastasis in 5.4%. The progression-free survival (PFS) was a median of 12 months after starting the fulvestrant. The PFS was relatively shorter in those with brain metastases, but there was no statistically significant difference. The median PFS
was 12 months in 2 series and 8 months in 3 and later series, which was statistically significant (p=0.025). The overall survival (OS) was a median of 77 months; it was 86% at 12 months, 63% at 36 months, and 56% at 60 months. The median OS of the 2nd line was 20 months. No grade 3-4 toxic effects were observed.
Conclusion: As in naturally postmenopausal patients, fulvestrant was found to be effective and tolerable in patients treated with artificial menopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer under the age of 50. The fulvestrant was more effective in those who did not previously receive hormonal therapy.

Keywords: Metastatic breast cancer, Premenopausal, Fulvestrant

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2018.1067

Full Text:

Introduction

Endocrine therapy is the preferred form of treatment for hormone receptor (HR) positive early stage and advanced stage breast cancer.(1-3) Endocrine therapy agents that are not cross-resistant to sequential administration prolong the chemotherapy-free period, and they have limited toxicity-effective disease stabilization.(4) Tamoxifen has been the backbone of endocrine therapy for the last 30–40 years(1). In metastatic disease, the response rate has increased to 30% with the use of tamoxifen (1-3). Tamoxifen and its metabolites are linked to the estrogen receptor (ER), and this receptor modulation can cause antagonistic effects, such as estrogenic effects (4). Another group of drugs used in endocrine therapy includes aromatase inhibitors (AIs). In randomized clinical trials, AIs were superior to tamoxifen in the treatment of postmenopausal women (1,3). Fulvestrant, another drug used in endocrine therapy, is an ER antagonist that degrades and blocks ERs (5,6). This causes a decrease in the cellular levels of both ERs and progesterone receptors (PRs) (7, 8). In phase 3 randomized trials, fulvestrant was found to be as effective as anastrozole in postmenopausal women who had previously received endocrine therapy, and it was well tolerated (9, 10).

Fulvestrant can be used in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) analogues in the anti-estrogenic premenopausal period, although it is indicated in postmenopausal women for advanced disease treatment(7,8). In premenopausal women, the use of aromatase inhibition is ineffective without over-function suppression, which leads to high estrogen levels(9,11). Therefore, premenopausal women need to undergo artificial menopausal treatment by either surgical menopause or medication(9,11). LHRH agonists are as effective in reducing estrogen levels as a surgical oophorectomy(11). Moreover, combining tamoxifen with LHRH agonists is better than over-ablation alone (12). For this reason, tamoxifen in combination with LHRH analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant can be used for premenopausal women in cases of endocrine-responsive metastatic breast cancer(12). The clinical benefit rate of using anastrozole in combination with an LHRH agonist in HR positive metastatic breast cancer was approximately 70% (13).In addition, fulvestrant was found to be as effective as an AI in women with premenopausal metastatic breast cancer who had suppressed hormonal activity (14-16). A median progression-free survival (PFS) of 6 months and median overall survival (OS) of 32 months were found in patients who had previously received endocrine treatment in small-scale studies with an LHRH analogue plus 250 mg of fulvestrant (16). A subgroup analysis of the PALOMA-3 trial found a median PFS of 5.6 months with LHRH plus fulvestrant in patients with premenopausal HR positive metastatic breast cancer who had previously received endocrine therapy (17).

In this retrospective study, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of fulvestrant in Turkish patients with artificial menopause-enhanced HR positive premenopausal metastatic breast cancer using an LHRH analogue.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective single center study conducted at the Istanbul Okmeydani Education and Research Hospital. The medical information was obtained from the archived files of patients with HR positive and HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer treated in the medical oncology clinic. Those patients using fulvestrant who developed metastasis while taking tamoxifen in the adjuvant period, those who were under 50 years old, and those with artificial menopause using an LHRH analogue in the premenopausal period were included in this research. On the basis of the information obtained from the patient files, the LHRH was used analogously, 3.6 mg of goserelin acetate was used every 28 days, and 500 mg of fulvestrant was administered intramuscularly every 28 days (500 mg loading after 14 days from the first dose). The PFS and OS durations were calculated using the date when starting the LHRH analogue and fulvestrant treatment, date of progression, and the date of the last visit from the patient files. The study was approved byLocal Ethics Committee.

Statistical Methods

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. The comparisons of the ratios in the groups were made using a chi-squared analysis. The Monte Carlo simulation was applied when the conditions were not met. The survival analyses were performed with a Kaplan Meier analysis. The statistical significance level of alpha was accepted as p <0.05.

Results

Thirty-seven patients were included in this study, and their mean age was 39.7 (27–49) years old. The median follow-up time was 20.2 (1–78) months. Of the patients, 83.8% had bone metastases, 16.2% had distant lymph node metastases, 21.6% had lung metastases, 13.5% had liver metastases, and 5.4% had brain metastases. Twenty-six(86.5%) of the patients had invasive ductal carcinomas, 2 (5.4%) had invasive lobular carcinomas, and 3 (8.1%) had other histological types. Twenty-six (70.2%) were both ER positive and PR positive, 6 (16.2%) were ER negative and PR positive, and 5 (13.5%) were ER positive and PR negative. Fulvestrant at least the first line was used, thefourth at the most. Moreover, 24.3% of the patients were in the 1^stline, 51.3% were in the 2^ndline, and 24.3% were in the 3^rdline of treatment. A total of 456 fulvestrant applications were performed, and the mean number of treatments was 12.3 (1–78)(Table 1). When considering the number of patients who had previously received endocrine treatments, there were some patients who did not receive endocrine therapy, as well as some patients who received 3 lines of hormonal treatment during the metastatic period.

During the follow-up period, 59% of the patients developed progression, 41% had no progression, and they continued to use the LHRH plus fulvestrant. The median PFS was12 (95% confidence interval = 7.7–16.3) months (Figure 1). The 12-month PFS was 51.6%, the 24-month PFS was 32.9%, and the 36-month PFS was 20.5%. The median PFS had still not been reached during the 20.2-month median follow-up in the first line use of fulvestrant in the metastatic period, but the median PFS was 10 months in the second line and 6 months in the third line. There was a statistically significant difference in favor of those who used fulvestrant in the first line when compared to those who used it in the second and third lines (p = 0.014 and p = 0.008, respectively) (Table 2). The use of LHRH plus fulvestrant was more effective in the patients that were both ER positive and PR positive. The median PFS was 12 months in the both receptor positive patients, whereas the median PFS was 3 months (p = 0.179) in the ER negative and PR positive patients, and it was 5 months in the PRnegative and ER positive patients. However, there was no statistical difference (p = 0.147) (Table 2).

The estimated median OS was 77 months after the fulvestrant was started (Figure 2). The estimated median 12-month OS was 86%, the 36-month OS was 63%, and the 60-month OS was 56.7%. The median OS was 12 months in the patients with brain metastases, and the survival was significantly shorter in the patients with other metastatic sites (p = 0.009) (Table 2). The median OS was not reached during the median follow-up period of 20.2 months when the fulvestrant was used as the first line of treatment in those who did not receive endocrine treatment before the fulvestrant in the metastatic period. The median OS was 77 months in the patients who had previously undergone1 line of endocrine therapy, and there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.830). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.236) (Table 2), even though the median OS was 23 months, both the ER negative and PR positive group and the PR positive and ER negative group, and the median overall survival was 77 months in the PR positive and ER positive group (Table 2). Finally, toxic effects (such as myalgia, arthralgia, fever, and bone complications) were observed in 38% of the patients, but grade 3–4 toxic effects were not observed.

Discussion

In the prospective multimodal FIRST study, 500 mg of fulvestrant was administered intramuscularly every 28 days in patients with HR positive metastatic breast cancer(18). In addition, 1 mg of anastrozole was compared with the fulvestrant, with a median PFS of 23.4 months and a median OS of 54 months. In the prospective multicenter double-blind phase 3 randomized FALCON study, patients with postmenopausal HR positive metastatic breast cancer who were not previously treated with endocrine therapy were included, and the median PFS was 16.6 months (19). In the study by Bartsch et al., patients with premenopausal HR positive metastatic breast cancer who had already received a very large number of endocrine treatments were treated with 250 mg of fulvestrant, and the median PFS was6 months, while the median OS was 32 months (16). In the study by Bergh et al. (FACT), the median PFS was 10.8 months and the median OS was 37.8 months when using 250 mg of fulvestrant in a premenopausal group who had not received endocrine treatment previously(20). In the study by Loibl et al. (PALOMA-3 subgroup), the median PFS was 5.6 months when using 500 mg of fulvestrant in the treatment of patients with premenopausal metastatic breast cancer who had previously received endocrine treatment(17). In other studies, the median PFS was 5.6–6 months in patients who had previously received multiple endocrine treatments (16,20), while the median PFS was 16.6–23.4 months in patients who had not previously received endocrine treatments(18,19). In our study, the premenopausal (in artificial menopause) hormone receptor-positive patients with metastatic breast cancer who had not previously received endocrine therapy had not reached the median PFS during the20.2-month follow-up period. In the patients who previously received one line of endocrine treatment, the median PFS was 10 months, and in the patients who previously received more than one line of endocrine treatment, the median PFS was 6 months.

In the studies mentioned above, the median OS was 32 months in the patients who had previously received multiple endocrine treatments (16), while the median OS was 37.8–54 months in the patients who had not previously received endocrine treatment(18,19). In our study, the median OS had not yet been reached after 20.2 months of follow-up, and the estimated OS was 77 months. We think that this OS period, which was as long as 77 months, was due to the younger ages of the patients and less comorbidities. Bartsch et al. found a median PFS of 6 months and a median OS of 32 months in endocrine-treated HR positive premenopausal metastatic breast cancer patients with the fulvestrant plus LHRH analogue combination (16). In thePALOMA-3 study, Loibl et al. found a median PFS of 5.6 monthsin endocrine-treated HR positive premenopausal metastatic breast cancer patients with the fulvestrant plus LHRH analogue combination (17). We found a median PFS of 12 months in our study. Moreover, the 12-month median PFS that we found was twice the median PFSs of 5.6 and 6 months in the previous studies. We believe that our PFS was longer because our patient group included patients who have never used endocrine therapy in the metastatic period, and patients who had received fulvestrant in the first line of treatment. In our study, the premenopausal (in artificial menopause) HR positive metastatic breast cancer patients who had not previously received endocrine therapy did not reach the median PFS during the 20.2-month follow-up period. Therefore, we believe that longer survival times can be achieved by using fulvestrant as the first line of treatment in premenopausal HR positive metastatic breast cancer patients.

Based on the results of this study, the endocrine treatment of patients with HR positive metastatic breast cancer who were artificially menopausal with an LHRH analogue using 500 mg of fulvestrant was as effective and tolerable as in postmenopausal patients. Fulvestrant has been shown to be more effective in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have not previously received endocrine therapy in the metastatic period.

Conclusion

As in naturally postmenopausal patients, fulvestrant was found to be effective and tolerable in patients treated with artificial menopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer under the age of 50. The fulvestrant was more effective in those who did not previously receive hormonal therapy.

Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for thisarticle has been reviewed and discussed.

Source of funding: No fundingsource

Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest

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A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02

A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01

A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24

A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23

A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22

A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21

A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20

A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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