International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 10(6), March, 2018

Pages: 01-06

Date of Publication: 28-Mar-2018


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Characterization of Diabetic and Non Diabetic Human Nuclear Cataract using Optical Spectroscopy Techniques

Author: Akarsh Kalapala, Anil Kumar Chaudhry, Male Shiva Ram

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Aim: The aim of present study is to understand the mechanism of calcification and deposition of how protein and carbohydrate deposits in Diabetic and Non Diabetic induced Nuclear Cataract Lenses.
Methods: This Experimental comparative study conducted on Twenty six cataract samples after Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS) collected and stored in formalin and saline solution to avoid contamination. The Cataract lens specimens were dried for one week at 25oC, under specific Relative Humidity (RH) conditions, and then used for spectral investigation to determine its biophysical characteristics and molecular composition by using FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction technique.
Results: FTRI technique on the diabetic nuclear cataracts we have found unsaturated aldehydes groups are found at a frequency of 1688(narrow peak) and also aldehydes are found at a frequency of 2823 (medium peak) and XRD technique resulted that there is difference in the presence of electron density in different samples and mainly in the diabetic nuclear cataracts and non diabetic nuclear cataract.
Conclusion: We can understand that if we can be able to reduce aldehydes groups' formation in the diabetic cataract lenses then we can be able to reduce the formation of cataract in diabetic patients. The X-ray Diffraction techniques conclude that Diabetic Lenses have different electron density which is different from Non Diabetic Cataract lenses.
Clinical Significance: The significance of this study explained about molecular bonding and aldehyde groups in the diabetic cataract lenses. Hence we found that this technique and further experiments may shed light and give us the better understanding on the Calcification in diabetic cataractous crystalline lens.

Keywords: FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), Spectroscopy, Nuclear cataract, KBr (Potassium Bromide).

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2018.1061

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Cataract is a painless vision loss with leading cause of blindness in the world.  Nuclear cataracts are the most common, typically known as “age-related cataract.” Found in the center of the lens, they interfere with the ability to see distant objects  [1] . There are various cataract types but nuclear cataract is common in tropical climate countries and there were many studies on treatment and management options for cataract, only few studies reported cataractous lens molecular bonding studies.  In the world more than 285 million people are affected by diabetes mellitus. This number is expected to increase to 439 million by 2030 according to the International Diabetes Federation. [2]  

Diabetes is epidemic and fast gaining the status in India , approximately more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease.  India (31.7 million)topped the world with the highest number of people with diabetes. And india also known as diabetic capital of world from the recent news papers statements [3]

However Cataract is considered a major cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients as the incidence and progression of cataract is elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus. The association between diabetes and cataract formation has been shown in clinical epidemiological and basic research studies. Due to increasing numbers of type 1 and type 2 diabetics worldwide, the incidence of diabetic cataracts steadily rises. [4] Calcification seems not to influence the secondary structure of lens protein because both IR and Raman spectra for the crystalline lens protein in the no calcified area and calcified plaque were similar. [5] Infrared spectroscopy had found potential application in the study of molecular structure of various biological and chemical samples due to its high resolution, simplicity in direct recording, absorption, and transmission signal with great accuracy. The electromagnetic spectrum which has very broad range including UV-VIS-IR range which is popularly known as optical frequency range. All the chemical and biological molecules have their characteristic finger print absorption in Mid-IR to IR region. These regions provide vital information about the vibration and rotational lines of organic molecules. In addition, Raman absorption bands are also an important part of the vibrational spectroscopy and helpful to confirm the identity of particular compounds in mineralized tissue. [6] Previously reported research work on cataract lenses using FTIR spectroscopy show the changes in conformational structure of lens lipid and protein induced by glaucoma than by senile cataract. And it has been reported that the age-related cataractous lens undergoes major biochemical and biophysical alterations, mainly due to the changes with age in protein and lipids of lens membrane crystalline. However, lens calcification is one of the severe problem causing human cataracts. The pathogenesis and mechanism of lens calcification in ocular diseases are not yet completely understood. Several analytical methods have been used to investigate the mechanism of calcium-phosphate deposition in the calcified CL but their operations are very complicated and take much time. Here the investigators have chosen only senile cataractous lens and identified the calcified plaque and quantified it's chemical composition using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and this study suggests that both microscopic FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy's were easy to perform and capable to determine the chemical composition of a calcified Cataract lens. [7]   In present study we have focused our attention to understand the chemical mechanisms of calcification in six extracted Cataractous lenses collected from different patients in whom two patients were Diabetic and four were Non Diabetic. This paper focused about Nuclear sclerotic cataract Lenses and identified the calcified plaque and quantified its chemical composition using different devices such as FTIR, and XRD optical spectroscopy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants and Specimens

All the participants accepted to participate in this study by donating their cataract extraction samples with an age group of 45-75 years. A total Twenty six samples collected in which 14 Males and 12 Female. It also includes Diabetic induced nuclear cataracts (8 male and 4 female) and remaining are Non Diabetic Nuclear Cataract patients which are 14 samples. We had collected the Human Cataract Lens Samples after Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS) from Indo Us Hospital, at Hyderabad. Written and verbal consent followed by no objection forms duly signed by the participants was received and this project also conducted tenure to Declaration of Helsinki rules.

Sample collection and storage

All the Twenty six collected cataract samples were stored in formalin saline solution to avoid contamination of sample, generally previous researches reports that human organs are collected or stored in formaldehyde solution to avoid contamination. [8]   The Cataract lens samples were dried for one week at 25 °C, under specific Relative Humidity (RH) conditions, and then used for spectral investigation to determine its biophysical characteristics and molecular composition by using FTIR spectroscopy the sample images can be seen in Figure-1 and 2       

          

Preparation of K Br Pallets for IR spectra

For preparing K Br pallet for IR from the solid sample. Here we need the gate mortar and pastel, sample and KBr crystals. This KBr has been dried in the vessel and taken out before we use for KBr pellet preparation. We want to make the sample with the KBr in the proportion of 1:50 ratio it means for 1mg of sample then we added about 50mg of KBr and weighted with electronic weighting machine. Secondly we took KBr in the mortar, pastel with two tip spoons in the spatula and grained it into a very fine powder along with this media; we added the sample in the ratio of 1:50. We took small amount of sample and mixed well and grained. Checked for proper mixing, later finished and converted this into a pellet. We used the carver press to apply the pressure on the sample mixture in the dye and convert this into a fine pallet. Finally placing the pellet on the sample holder and measured the IR spectra of our sample which has been prepared as a KBr pallet.

Instrumentation and Experimental setup.

We had studied the extracted nuclear cataractous lens characteristics with below two different types of optical spectroscopy based instruments in our study.

1) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

2) X ray Diffraction

Experiment-1 with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

We have used Thermo scientific FTIR. Model: Nicolet 380 for recording the different types of functional groups and vibrational bands present in Cataract Lenses. This instrument mainly works on the principle of Michelson's Interferometer.[9] And after the experimental process the results are collected ‚all the results were calculated with a mathematical technique called Fourier Transform. This Fourier Transform helps out to convert the raw data into the actual spectra in Cm-1. FTIR spectroscopy is a technique which is used to obtain an IR spectrum of absorption: (how much light is absorbed by the specimen)‚ transmittance (how much light passes through the specimen) and the area of IR region is very important in investigation the molecules can see in the below Tabel-1. Normal IR region is the main IR region, which focuses on investigation of molecules. So first we had taken a sample and put it into the spectrophotometer.IR radiation is passed and a spectra is plot. So for the active molecule, it shows the different types of vibrations.

Experiment-2 with X Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy

We had used low intensity XRD instrument for the second experiment and done it by powdering the sample which is a solid because the instrument is a powdered low intensity XRD. By doing this technique we had observed that the cataract is in the form of amorphous and also observed couples of peaks are present at same intensity and angle so we were unable to distinguish the electron present. But we have observed a unique thing that Diabetic samples graphs is different from Non Diabetic sample by this we can understand that electron density in Diabetic Nuclear lenses is different from Non Diabetic cataract lens.  We had performed   this technique on six cataract samples.

RESULTS

All the analysis done based on the spectroscopic analysis and bonding shown under various spectroscopes Here with FTIR technique we have found that in the Diabetic and Non Diabetic induced Cataracts there is difference in chemical bonds and also in functional groups formed and also we have found that there are some functional groups and chemical bonds formed commonly in all cataract lenses. And there are some chemical and functional bonds which are present in Diabetic and not found in Non Diabetic Nuclear Cataracts can see in below TableN-2 and Figure-3. However in the diabetic nuclear cataracts we have found unsaturated aldehyde groups are found at a frequency of 1688narrow peak) and also aldehydes

are found at a frequency of 2823 (medium peak) can see in Table-3 and Figure-4 and 5. With XRD technique we have found that there is difference in the presence of electron density in different samples and mainly in the diabetic nuclear cataracts and non diabetic nuclear cataract. The graphs explain it clearly that the presence of electron density in diabetic cataract lenses is similar and they are also different from the non diabetic cataract lenses which can see in the Figure 6 and 7 .

DISCUSSION

The focus of this study is to understand the difference between in Diabetic and non diabetic induced nuclear cataract calcification with optical spectroscopy techniques, we could not find any supportive study that either agreed with or contradicted. But interestingly in our experiment We had observed that different chemical bonds and functional groups in diabetic and non diabetic cataract lenses. To discuss about this in diabetic nuclear cataracts we had found unsaturated aldehydes groups are at a frequency of 1688 (narrow peak)  and also aldehydes are found at a frequency of 2823 (medium peak)  in Diabetic induced nuclear cataract lens specimens and in non diabetic specimens  no aldehydes groups were found. And there are some commonly found chemical bonds in all the samples which are as follows. In a frequency range of 3331-3380 all the samples have resulted N-H stretch with primary, secondary, amines and amide groups. And also at a frequency range of 2823-2871 all the samples have commonly resulted in the C-H stretch with alkenes functional groups. And also at frequency range of 1517-1577 (N-O) asymmetric stretch with nitro compound functional groups are found. By this we can understand that if we can be able to reduce aldehydes groups' formation in the diabetic cataract lenses then we can be able to reduce the formation of cataract in diabetic patients. There is no earlier studies reported on this topic but we have compared our study with (Chen et.al 2005) He explained that calcification process is still unclear but concluded that many glycoprotein's and phosphor lipids play a role in calcification.[7]  Our study found a new results that compounds in all the samples are similar to that of normal lenses but aldehydes groups are found newly and in only Diabetic samples this unique compound was not reported in earlier studies.

However from the graphs of XRD (X-ray Diffraction spectroscopy technique) we had come out with an interesting point that there is difference in electron density in diabetic and non diabetic induced cataract lenses. We had also investigated the compositions from lens specimen it is in amorphous form which are non crystalline. From the graphs extracted from XRD   we can observe that diabetic samples graphs peaks are similar to each other .But rest of four non diabetic specimens graphs are showing different graph peaks that can see in Figure- 8. Moreover there was no research studies reported on this technique, so we are unable to compare with previous research studies. This study also supports that by increasing the specimen size we can get a further better results in future studies.

CONCLUSION

The outcome of present study concludes that Using FTIR confirms that the age-related cataractous lens undergoes major biochemical and biophysical alterations, due to the changes with age in protein and lipids of lens membrane, in the structure and proteins of the cytoskeleton, and in the lens crystalline .We also found that there are similar peaks in the same frequency range for Six cataract lens. So our results show that the calcification in the lens seemed not to influence the secondary structure of the lens protein. We can understand that if we can be able to reduce aldehydes groups' formation in the diabetic cataract lenses then we can be able to reduce the formation of cataract in diabetic patients.

The X-ray Diffraction techniques conclude that Diabetic Lenses have different electron density which is different from Non Diabetic Cataract lenses. There are no research studies  reported on this technique so further studies with this technique can gives us better understanding on the Calcification in crystalline lens.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Dr. L V Krishnan Raju, Pushpagiri eye institute and Dr. Sonali Tripathy , Indo US Hospital, Hyderabad And my sincere thanks to Lab members and assistants.

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been  reviewed and discussed.

COMPETING INTERESTS

All the authors declare that No competing interests exits.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

KALAPALA A: Conceptulization , Conducted study, collected data, experimental design, wrote manuscript, reviewd.

AK CHAUDHARY: Sources, research guidance, reviewed manuscript,

 SR MALE: reviewed manuscript , research assistance in experimental design, Literature review.

References:

  1. Bowling, B., 2015. Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology E-Book: A Systematic Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  2.  Online Source Information Available from: [Cited on 12-09-2017 ] available at:  https://www.idf.org/
  3. Kaveeshwar SA, Cornwall J. The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. The Australasian medical journal. 2014;7(1):45.
  4. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmology. 1984 Jan 1;91(1):1-9.
  5. Boskey, A.L., Mineral changes in osteopetrosis. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 13, 109–116.:(2003)
  6. Lin SY, Li MJ, Liang RC, Lee SM. Non-destructive analysis of the conformational changes in human lens lipid and protein structures of the immature cataracts associated with glaucoma. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 1998 Sep 30;54(10):1509-17.
  7. CHEN KH, CHENG WT, LI MJ, YANG DM, LIN SY. Calcification of senile cataractous lens determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman microspectroscopies. Journal of microscopy. 2005 Jul 1;219(1):36-41.
  8. Troyer D. Biorepository standards and protocols for collecting, processing, and storing human tissues. Tissue Proteomics. 2008:193-220.
  9. Ferraro JR, Basile LJ, editors. Fourier transform infrared spectra: applications to chemical systems. Academic press; 2012 Dec 2.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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