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IJCRR - 1(2), November, 2009

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GARLIC: A WONDER NUTRACEUTICAL

Author: Ajay G. Pise, Shilpa Pise, D. Sreedhar, J. Manthan, Virendra S. Ligade, N. Udupa

Category: Healthcare

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History

Thousand years ago garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as a food product and known for its medicinal values by civilizations around the world. Old existing corpus can supports its use in Chinese, Egyptian, French and Ayurvedic medicine. Garlic is indigenous to central Asia, where people live the longest, and the occurrence of cancer is the lowest known is not a seer coincidence. Garlic was included in the diet of the slaves for strength and endurance who built the pyramids in Egypt.13 Evidence shows that Egyptians worshiped garlic, they placed clay models of the bulb in Tutankhamen's tomb. It is said that Hippocrates himself used garlic vapors to treat certain cancers.11 It was included as one of the first medicines in the Codex Ebers, a 1550 B.C. papyrus that consider the oldest medical text, and was mentioned even earlier in clay, cuneiform tablets from the library of Nineveh in Mesopotamia. Pliny, in his Natural History listed garlic as a remedy for sixty-one ailments.16 Egyptian medical papers dating back to 1550 B.C. mentioned about eight hundred formulas for the therapeutic uses of garlic.19 Gravediggers in early eighteenth-century in France drank a concoction of crushed garlic in wine to protect themselves from getting the plague that killed many people in Europe. During World Wars I and II, soldiers were given garlic to prevent gangrene.2 Regulatory Status22 US: generally recognized as sage UK: included in general sales list Canada: over-the-counter drug status France: traditional medicinal use Germany: commission E approved as over-the counter drug.

Medicinal value

It is found that garlic (pulp) contains more than 200 chemical compounds including volatile oil with sulphur-containing compounds like allicin, alliin, and ajoene. It also contains enzymes such as allinase, peroxidase and myrosinase. It is considered that Allicin is responsible for antibiotic properties and strong odor; it also shows fibrinolytic activity which reduces platelet aggregation by inhibiting prostaglandin E2. Ajoene also contributes to the anticoagulant action of garlic. Apart from this garlic also contains citral, geraniol, linalool, Aphellandrene and B phellandrene. The allyl contained in garlic is also found in several members of the onion family and is considered a very valuable therapeutic compound.22 Alliin and diallyl dysulphur are highly unstable substances and melt easily into liquids and gases. When transported by the blood, they infuse all tissues and organs of the body, thus they act on the whole body.13

Allium sativum pulp contains vitamins especially B-1, vitamin C, vitamin A, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, selenium, calcium, magnesium, germanium, sodium, iron, manganese and trace iodine. Seventeen amino acids are found in it, including eight essential ones.22

Garlic as nutraceutical

It is evident that garlic has been used as a food product across the globe. Today it became inseparable part of our diet. Scholars around the world have proved garlic for its medicinal use in treatment and prevention of certain diseases. It possesses both curative and preventative properties; new focus is on its use in prevention of heart attack and cancer. By studying these properties of garlic it can be categorised as nutraceuticals.

Clinical applications

From centuries garlic is being used in the treatment of bronchitis, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, flatulence, leprosy, menstrual cramps, high blood pressure, diabetes and externally for warts, corns, arthritis, muscle pain, neuralgia and sciatica. In Ayurvedic medicine garlic is considered heating, diuretic, diaphoretic (enduces sweating), expectorant, carminative, anti-coagulant, anthelmintic and immune-enhancing. Homeopathically, garlic is used to treat upper respiratory tract inflammation, rheumatism and digestive problems.16 Researchers are studying the use of garlic in prevention and treatment of several diseases.

In cardiovascular diseases

Dioscorides was a well-known first century physician who wrote that garlic "clears the arteries and opens the mouths of veins."11 Today, studies around the globe have suggested that garlic consumption can reduce the risk of heart disease caused by the hardening of the arteries.14 Garlic is considered good for the health of heart because it lowers the cholesterol and blood fats called triglycerides in the bloodstream. According to Yu-Yan Yeh, Ph.D., professor of nutrition science at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, many of garlic protective effects take place in the liver, where cholesterol is produced. In laboratory studies, rats given garlic extract produced 87% less cholesterol and 64% fewer triglycerides. In a review of 16 studies involving 952 people, British researchers found that eating garlic, whether fresh or in powdered form lowered total cholesterol an average of 12 to 13%.21Thirty years of research has shown garlic to be affective in reducing cholesterol levels. It is known to reduce systolic blood pressure and lower the blood sugar.20 Sulfur compounds of garlic, including diallyldisulfide (DADS) which seem to help smooth blood flow by preventing platelets from sticking together and clotting. In a Brown University study, researchers gave 45 men with high cholesterol aged garlic extract (the equivalent of about 5-6 cloves of fresh garlic). When they examined the men's blood, they saw that the rate at which platelets clumped and stuck together had dropped anywhere from 10 - 58%.21 It decreases the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood, because it makes its absorption by the intestine more difficult. It has been proven that in the hours following a breakfast of toast with butter, the level of cholesterol increases 20%, however when the bread is rubbed with garlic, even if it has butter, this increase does not take place.13 Garlic also has been shown to protect blood vessels from the deleterious effects of free radicals. This antioxidative activity has also been linked to its blood cholesterol-lowering action and its ability to decrease deposits of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels.5 A garlic-supplementation trial on 432 patients over a three-year period done by Arun Bordia, M.D. a cardiologist at India's Tagore Medical College, shows that 10- percent drop in blood cholesterol and in blood pressure, and less expressions of angina in the population who ate garlic daily. While the non-garlic eaters saw no cardiovascular changes.5

As an anticancer

Recent researches have supported the fact that garlic shows excellent potential in the prevention of cancer. Laboratory tests on animal studies suggest that garlic may have some anti-cancer activity. Population-based observation studies suggest that people who have more raw or cooked garlic in their diet are less likely prone to colon, stomach breast, prostate, and laryngeal cancers.2 Researchers have found that certain enzymes contained in some cancers are totally inhibited by alliinase and other compounds contained in garlic. Several Japanese experiments suggest that injecting garlic into rats with certain types of sarcoma blocked tumor cell reproduction and caused mutations in the cancer cells themselves. Garlic?s role in simulating the body?s immune defenses may also be linked to cancer control and prevention, in laboratory experiment, the natural killer cells of garlic-eating subjects destroyed 159 percent more tumor cells than those who had not consumed garlic. 22 A 1994 study done on 41,000 women who consumed a weekly serving of garlic demonstrated a 35% decrease in the risk of colon cancer.20 In animal studies by Weisberger and Pensky of Western Reserve University, as reported in Science, mice injected with cancer cells died within 16 days. When cancer cells were treated with Garlic extract and injected into the animals, no deaths occurred for a period of 6 months. In other studies, feeding fresh Garlic to female mice completely inhibited the development of mammary tumors. It is considered that the high germanium content of garlic may also play a role in cancer treatment and prevention. 22 The ajoene in garlic is showing some promise in the treatment of skin cancer.18

According to John Milner, Ph.D., professor and head of the department of nutrition at the Pennsylvania State University, s-allycysteine of garlic appears to stop the metabolic action that causes a healthy cell to become cancerous. The substance called DADS chokes cancer cells until their numbers are reduced and they start dying. Another substance in garlic is diallyl trisulfide (DATS), which is 10 times more powerful than DADS at killing human lung cancer cells. Its effectiveness is comparable to that of 5 flluorouracil, a widely used chemotherapy agent. In his view, garlic contains compounds that help prevent nitrites, common substances found in some foods and pollutants from transforming themselves into nitrosamines, harmful compounds that can trigger cancerous changes in the body21

As an antibiotic

Louis Pasteur first verified garlic's antibacterial properties scientifically in 1858, and showed how it killed bacteria under laboratory conditions.16 Several modern extensive studies confirm that garlic has definite antibiotic properties and is effective against many bacteria, fungi and viruses. According to Wright State University, garlic is approximately one per cent as potent an antibiotic as penicillin. The significant advantage of using garlic as antibiotic is that, the body does not seem to build up a resistance to it as it does to many modern antibiotics.1 Garlic is effective against diverse types of fungi, yeasts, and some viruses, including herpes. The active principles of garlic are supposed to interact with the nucleic acids of the virus, thus limiting its proliferation.13 Researchers around the globe are extensively studying the role of Garlic in enhancing the immune system, as antidiabetic, and anti oxidant ability to neutralize damaging free radicals before they can harm healthy cells.

As an antidiabetic

Few studies suggest that garlic may have some mild blood-sugar-lowering properties. It is believed that garlic lower blood sugar levels by decreasing the rate at which insulin is inactivated and degraded by the body, effectively increasing quantities of circulating insulin and decreasing blood glucose levels. Overall, these effects do not appear to be strong enough to warrant use of garlic as a bloodsugar-lowering agent.45 In general, sulfur compounds in garlic are believed to exert hypoglycemic activity by competing with insulin.44

Safety

Garlic may increase bleeding, especially in patients already taking certain anti-clotting medications. Rarely, gastrointestinal upset symptoms are considered as possible side effects.32 It is advised that people taking warfarin, regular doses of aspirin, or other blood thinners should not use garlic for anything other than seasoning.35 At the National Institutes of Health?s (NIH) HIV clinic, one woman who was on ritonavir (Norvir) treatment and then started garlic supplements was developed severe nausea and vomiting, which resolved after stopping the garlic. It is considered that the garlic may have increased the levels of ritonavir. It was also supported in one more case study. Still it is unclear, if garlic was increasing the risks of ritonavir related side effects or if it was the actual cause of them. Subsequently, small single-dose studies of ritonavir and garlic do not suggest a serious herb-drug interaction.36 Garlic may also increase the risk of side effects associated with other anti-HIV drugs. It is assumed that garlic has an effect on p450 enzyme. Garlic supplements should not be used while taking saquinavir as the sole protease inhibitor due to the risk of decreased saquinavir plasma concentrations.30 Moreover, people using the supplement with anti HIV drugs who experience serious stomach problems might consider stopping it to see if these symptoms lessen. 36 Garlic may intensify the effects of drugs that decrease blood sugar levels (hypoglycemic drugs, such as insulin and glipizide) causing an excessive decrease in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia).25

Dosage and dosage form

Garlic supplement preparations are available in oil, extract, powder, capsules and tablet forms. It is observed that chemical composition of these preparations may not mirror the composition of fresh garlic clove. Hence it is always advisable to take daily dose equivalent to 4 g41 of fresh garlic cloves, which is about the size of one average clove of garlic. Average daily dosage: fully-dried powder, 400-1200 mg; fresh (air-dried) bulb, 2-5 g; garlic oil, 2-5 mg. Fully-dried powder, 400-1200 mg, fresh (air-dried) bulb, 2-5 g; garlic oil, 2-5 mg.28

Conclusion

Garlic is being used from thousand of years for its medicinal properties. Numerous researches have proved its beneficial role in cardiovascular condition. Indeed, garlic does indeed have cardioprotective properties. Researches also proved its active role as anticancer, natural immunity booster, antioxidant, antibiotic and antidiabetic product. On other hand studies also report some side effects of garlic if it is used with blood-thinners, anti HIV, or hypoglycemic drugs. This observation suggests that more research is needed in safety and active use of garlic as a Nutraceutical.

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A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24

A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23

A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22

A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21

A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20

A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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