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IJCRR - 3(2), February, 2011

Pages: 13-26

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TRIBOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WEAR THEORY: REVIEW AND DISCUSSION

Author: Zamri Yusoff, Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin

Category: Technology

Abstract:In this review, the classical and contemporary wear theories and wear mechanisms are
discussed. The development of wear theories are started from adhesive and abrasive to
delamination theory, mechanical mixed layer (MML) and self lubrication theory are
reviewed based on the previous reports. It was found that the adhesive and abrasive are
developed based on quantitative approach whereas the delamination, MML and self
lubrication theory are developed based on qualitative approach. Each theory has
limitation in order to explain the wear theory comprehensively because of different
testing system, composite manufacturing technique, type of reinforcement and volume
fraction, size as well as hardness. However, a consensus has been reach from a
qualitative point view. Theory of wear debris generation mechanism is the consequence
of a combination of subsurface, surface and third body dynamic behaviours. This
approach applied in order to explain the wear mechanism usually encountered such as
adhesive, two-body abrasive, three-body abrasive, oxidation and delamination. Wear
mechanism that occurred during dry siding wear of hybrid composite (multiple
reinforcement composite consist of combination of hard and soft reinforcement) is
combination of various mechanism and highly complex phenomenon. It well known
that wear is nature process that what happen at one time is function of all event that
occurred previously. Therefore, based on previous work on dry sliding wear of multiple
reinforcement composite, it might be proposed that the wear mechanism involved in
integrated wear mechanism.

Keywords: abrasive, adhesive, wear theory, delamination, mechanical mixed layer.

Full Text:

INTORDUCTION

The study of tribology has a long history, extending for several centuries before the word itself was coined in 1965.1 Tribology is the study of friction, lubrication and wear. Professor Duncan Dawson has remarked that whereas the scientific study of friction dates back some 300 years, and that of lubrication more than century, wear has received similar attention for only 50 years.2 So, wear entered the scientific arena rather more recently. Essentially, the design and construction of early machines involved large clearances and rather slow speeds of operation, with the result that, provided gross adhesion or excessive friction could be avoided, changes in dimensions of sliding parts due to wear could often be tolerated with little adverse effect on performance. However, development of high-speed internal combustion engine in the early part of twentieth centuries that provided the initial driving force for the study of wear which has grown in importance to the present day. The understanding of wear mechanisms has developed most rapidly only with the widespread use of electron microscopy and instruments methods of microanalysis over the past 30 years.1 Based on wear studies is so young and so complex, the discrepancies between theories, confusion over nomenclature, and definitions, and inconsistencies between experimental observations is inevitable. However, the foundations of wear studies now seem to be well established. Therefore, this work attempted to review and discuss the development of wear including classical and contemporary wear theories and wear mechanisms based on literature research. Development of Wear Theory Historically, the development of wear knowledge and the ability to quantitatively estimate wear made major progress in period 1950-1965.3 This is the period when the Linear Wear Law (also called the Archard equation) and Khrushov Abrasive Wear law were developed. Wear can be defined as the loss of material that occurs when two surfaces rub against each other.4 Two common forms of wear are adhesive wear5-7 and abrasive wear8-10 . The former occurs when materials of good surface finish and similar hardness are slid against each other and surface forces cause the plucking out and transfer of metallic fragments. The later occurs when abrasive particles or surface protuberances plough and cut fragments from a surface. Adhesive wear theory The first theory of adhesive wear was proposed by Archard.5 This theory was defined wear volume as function of sliding speed, normal load and material hardness. However, this theory ignored the effect of the material’s microstructure on wear and was limited to idealised sliding conditions. This theory was based on a mechanism of adhesion at the asperities and the material removal process was related to a cohesive failure of asperities. The processes of crack nucleation and subsequent growth were disregarded. With the assumption that wear particles could be described as hemispherical particles of the same radius as the contact area, Archard developed the following expression for wear rate, W (volume of material worn): W = KdP 3H (1) Where K = wear coefficient, d = sliding distance, P = applied normal load and H = bulk hardness of material. Archard concluded that the wear rate was proportional to the applied load (assuming that the average size of the contact areas and the particles were constant) and that the wear rate was independent of the apparent area of contact. The theory predicted that enhance wear resistance was associated with increase in hardness. Abrasive wear theory The abrasive wear theory was proposed by Kruschov and Babichev since 1953.8 They defined that abrasive wear occurs when friction between a metal under stress and a harder body or grain. Abrasive wear may take place during friction of a hard rough steel surface against the surface of a softer, for example, bearing metal. Abrasive wear may be due to various mechanisms which cause surface destruction such as cutting, scratching and single or repeated plastic deformation.11 According to Hutching2 mechanisms of abrasive wear can involve both plastic flow and brittle fracture. Under some circumstances plastic flow may occur alone, but both often occur together, even in materials conventionally thought of as ideally brittle. He developed models for abrasive wear separately in two groups of mechanisms; abrasive wear by plastic deformation model and abrasive wear by brittle fracture model. In the first case the hardness of the mating surface is important factor in determining its wear resistance, whereas in the second the fracture toughness is more important, although hardness still plays the role. Chawla and Chawla4 stated during abrasive wear, the surface asperities are worn down and the contact surfaces become mated as shown in Fig. 1. This reduces local contact stress because of the increase in contact area. After this initial abrasive wear, the removal of oxidized particles occurs along the surface. This generally a steady state process in as much as it requires reoxidation of the denuded surface in order to continue removing oxidized particles. The final stage of wear occurs in adhesive mode and occurs if the contact pressure increases to the point of shearing particles. The result of shear is the formation of thin plate-like wear debris sheets. Depending upon applied pressure, the sheets can result in significant material loss. In studies of two-body abrasive wear, commercial coated abrasive papers have been widely used as abrasive mating surfaces.12-15 Various relations have been proposed between the variables of the abrasion process, in which the assumption is commonly made that the number of contacting points, for a given mesh size abrasive paper, is independent of load.9,16,17 Larsen-Badse15 studied the effect of normal load on the number of contact points in the two-body abrasive wear ofmetals and found that the number of scratches made on a copper surface by silicon carbide papers was nearly proportional to the applied load. Similar observations were also found by Sin et al.7 The influence of the nominal grit size of the abrasive particles on the number of contacts was studied by Mulhearn and Samuels14, Sin et al7 and Larsen-Badse15. They found that the number of contacts per unit nominal area was inversely proportional to the square of the mean abrasive particles. Furthermore, Spurr18 studied the surface of aluminium after abrasion by silicon carbide papers. He found that the number of scratches on the abraded specimen surface was proportional to the square root of the applied load rather than directly to the load. Such a relationship was later found also by Miki and Kobayashi.19 Wang and Hutching20 reviewed the Spurr21 reports that the height distribution of the tips of abrasive particles might be normal (Gaussian) but that the abrasive particles which contact the metal surface lie only at the upper end of the normal distribution curve, which may therefore be approximated by a linear distribution over the range of interest. Based on this assumption Spurr21 developed a semi-empirical relationship between the number of contacts and readily measureable quantities, which states that the number of contacts is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the applied load to the mating surface hardness, and inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles. Full experimental results, however, were not reported by Spurr21 , leaving some doubts about the strength of the experimental evidence for this model.

 

 

Studies of abrasive wear have been done by several researchers on aluminium composite reinforced by silicon carbide.22-28 Delamination wear theory The most widely quoted adhesive wear theory is that of Archard. Archard’s adhesion theory has been widely accepted, since the phenomenological relationship between the wear volume, sliding speed, normal load and hardness is consistent with experimentally observed results. However, according to Suh6 , the theory is weak because of completely ignores the physics and physical metallurgy of metal deformation and it does not provide any insight to the wear of metals under different sliding conditions. In 1973, Suh proposed a new theory for wear of metal. He proposed that at low sliding speeds, wear debris formation could be described by a delamination theory. The theory is based on the behaviour of dislocations at the surface, sub-surface crack and void formation, and subsequent joining of cracks by shear deformation of the surface.6 Wear processes such as adhesive wear, fretting and fatigue were all related to this same mechanism. The proposed theory predicts qualitatively that the wear particle shape is likely to be thin flake-like sheets and that surface layer can undergo large plastic deformation. Suh6 stated that wear occurred by the following sequential steps: a) Cyclic plastic deformation of surface layers by normal an tangential loads, b) Crack or void nucleation in the deformed layers at inclusions or second-phase particles, c) Crack growth nearly parallel to the surface, d) Formation of thin, long wear debris particles and their removal by extension of cracks to the surface. The rate-determining mechanism of wear showed dependence on the metallurgical structure. When subsurface deformation controlled the wear rate, hardness and fracture toughness were both considered to be major influencing factors. Jahanmir and Suh29 showed that for microstructures containing hard secondphase particles, if sufficient plastic deformation occurred during sliding wear, crack nucleation was favoured at these particles. In this situation, where inter-particle spacing is an important variable, crack propagation controlled the wear rate. Void formation primarily attributed to plastic flow of the matrix around these hard particles. Void formation occurred very readily around the hard particles but crack propagation occurred very slowly. The depth at which the void nucleation was initiated and the void size tended to increase with increased friction coefficient and applied load. Studies of delamination wear mechanism on aluminium composite have been done by several researchers.30-34 For example, Wang et al33 studied the wear behaviour and microstructural changes of 20vol.%SiCw/Al composite under dry sliding using pin-on-ring configuration for a range of load (10 – 80N and sliding speed (1.34 – 5.00 m/s) prepared by squeeze casting method followed by extrusion. They found that at heavy load, volume loss is high, thedominating wear mechanisms are adhesion and delamination wear. In SiC whiskers reinforced aluminium composites, the whiskers plays an important role. At depth of about 30µm below the surface, the shear strain is more than 1.3. The large plastic strain in the deformed layers gives rise to void nucleation and subsurface crack initiation and propagation. The subsurface cracks may initiate and propagate along whisker-matrix interfaces and cause the decohasion of whisker-matrix. Crack propagation by SiC-matrix decohesion process has been observed in SiC particulate reinforced aluminium-silicon alloys.33 The cracks will link to long cracks. With removal of surface material, the cracks become nearer to the surface and the shear strain is increased, this causes the removal of the surface layers by delamination. Delamination wear and the associated nucleation of voids at SiCp/matrix interface during the dry sliding of MMC pin against a steel counterface also reported by Venkatamaran and Sundarajan.34

Mechanical Mixed Layer

It should be noted that the adhesive wear theory5 , abrasive wear theory8,12 and delamination theory6 of wear neglect the formation of the tribolayer in their treatment of wear. According to Heilmann et al35, tribolayer phenomena occurs were common in both dry and lubricated sliding wear processes and developed very early before wear debris loosed. The composition of these layers consisted of an intimate (mechanical) mixture of materials derived from both sliding materials and the loose wear debris had the same structure and composition as the transferred layer. On the worn surface of MMCs a mechanically mixed layer (MML) was present. This layer exhibited hardness approximately 6 times that of the bulk composite. There have been a number of research works into the formation of mechanically mixed layers and the nature of wear debris in dry sliding systems, especially during Al alloys sliding against ferrous alloys.36-39 Razavizadeh and Eyre37 reported that the surface layer on the worn surface of Al-Si alloys was formed by fracture and compaction of Al oxide particles during sliding wear. Iwai et al40 noted that a tribolayer was formed on an Al 2024 alloy reinforced with SiCw after a sliding distance of only 50m (40N load and sliding speed 0.1 m s-1 ). Whereas, Zhang and Alpas32 suggested that the surface layers and debris particles contained an aluminium oxide phase with an amorphous structure, in addition to the original phases of α-Fe and α-Al. In contrast, other researchers41 found little or no oxide in the wear debris produced in the sliding wear of Al-alloys in an ambient temperature. Recently, Li and Tandon40 have studied microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris of Al-Si alloy and Al-Si/SiCp composite against tool steel under dry sliding conditions. They found that wear debris were mostly detached from the MML and had microstructural features similar to those of the MML. The debris and MML were comprised of mechanical mixture of ultrafine equiaxed particles, the constituents of which varied depending on the sliding load at the sliding speed used. At low load, the ultrafine structure consisted of original materials, i.e. α-Al solid solution and α-Fe from steel ring. With an increase in the sliding load, the agglomerated debris of nanocrystaline structure was incorporated with Fe-Al (Si) intermetallic compound and aluminium and iron oxides as a result of mechanical alloying and oxidation caused by the large amount of plastic deformation during the sliding process in association with frictional heating. Deuis et al41 stated the rationale of researchers in order to explain the formation of MML layer. Initially the MMC material experienced bulk deformation and the shear deformation. With increasing deformation the reinforcement particles at the wearing surface fragmented and the number of voids nucleated at the SiCp/matrix interface increased. When the void density reached a critical value, shear stability, as postulated by Rosenfield42 , was initiated at local subsurface regions. This resulted in the occurrence of turbulence plastic flow, during which time iron and iron oxide debris was mixed in the surface MMC material, resulting in the formation of the MML layer. Venkatamaran and Sundarajan34 stated that the presence MML layer most probably controlled the wear rate. The formation of wear debris was directly related to delamination wear active within this region.

Self Lubrication Theory

Apart from hard second-phases particle in soft matrix composite, a soft secondphase particles in hard and strong matrix composites are widely used in sliding bearing applications. They possess low coefficient of friction and adapt to diverse operational conditions. Tribological properties of such materials depend in the matrix and the second-phase, as well as the size, shape and concentration of the second-phase particles. The main problem is optimization of the microstructure for the best tribological performance. This task is complicated and requires theoretical analysis. Alexeyev and Jahanmir45 have attempted to develop self lubrication theory based on quantitative analysis. Slip-line field analysis of plastic deformation is used to analyze the processes of deformation and flow of the soft phase toward the sliding surface. They found a general relationship for deformation and flow of soft phase is obtained. It shows that the properties as well as size and shape of hard matrix and soft second-phase particles control the processes of deformation and flow of the soft phase as shown in Fig. 2. Solid lubrication is introduced from the solid lubricant cavities (reservoirs) dispersed within the material. These cavities are typically filled with graphite, MoS2 or soft metal such as Pb, Sn or Ag. The solid lubricant particles deform by the sliding action of the mating surface and are squeezed out toward the surface, forming a soft interfacial film. The presence of this film is believed to be responsible forthe observed low friction and reduced wear. When the solid lubricant film is worn away, the resulting increase in friction accentuates plastic deformation of the surface layer and forces more material from second-phase particles toward the surface, thus re-forming the worn film. The beneficial effect of selflubrication depends on the thickness of the film, the relative plastic properties of the film and the sublayer, and the pressure experienced by the soft film and sublayer43. Very few studies have been done on the processes of film formation and destruction.44,45 The exact mechanism for the adhesion of the film and substrate remain unclear. In order to understand the tribological behaviour of metal matrix selflubricating composite, the basic mechanism of the formation of lubricating films must be developed. The early studies of wear behaviour on self-lubricating aluminium composite using graphite as solid lubricant have been done by several researchers.46-50 However, study on the formation of lubricating film at worn and mating surface are did not discussed thoroughly until Liu et al.44 He attempted to describe the smearing process of the embedded graphite particles in aluminium 2014 alloy during sliding in great detail based on qualitative analysis by optical microscope. They found that the reduction in friction and wear of the aluminium-graphite composites is result of the embedded graphite particles during sliding, forming a lubricating film on both the tribosurface of the composite and the steel mating surface. Whereas, Alexeyev and Jahanmir47 attempted to describe the process of film formation in self-lubricating composites and deformation of the film based on quantitative analysis by the slip-line field method. The results show that the size of second-phase particles in the composite, the relative shear yield limit of the matrix and the soft phase, and the thickness of the film control the tribological performance of these composites. Lin et al49 also studied the process and tribological behaviour of Al6061/graphite particulate composite. They found that the tribological behaviour of the composite depends on the hardness of the matrix, the rate of release graphite particulates, the structure of the solid lubricating film deposited on the wearing material, and the structure of Al chip clusters

General discussion

Development of five wear theory might be summarized as shown in Fig. 3. However, in 1995, Sanino and Rack51 proposed the theory based on debris generation in order to shows the wear mechanism in integrated manner. They stated that wear debris generation mechanism is the consequence of a combination of subsurface, surface and third body dynamic behaviours. This approach applied in order to explain the wear mechanism usually encountered such as adhesive, two-body abrasive, three-body abrasive, oxidation and delamination.

Based on literatures, since year 2000, there are some research focuses on the role of soft reinforcement particle in hybrid composite.52-61 Aluminium hybrid matrix composite consist of two or more reinforcement added in aluminium matrix. The soft reinforcement likes graphite and carbon fibre, whereas the hard material likes Saffil fibre or SiC particles in hybrid composite. Some researchers have studied the sliding wear behaviour of aluminium hybrid composite found that the hybrid composite showed the best performance in wear resistance. Their result showed more stable tribo-layers on the contact surfaces of the graphitic composites compared to non-graphitic composites However, the hard constituents in the tribo-layers were the scuffing damage that they inflicted on the counterface. Wear mechanism that occurred during dry siding wear of hybrid composite (multiple reinforcement composite consist of combination of hard and soft reinforcement) is combination of various mechanism and highly complex phenomenon. It well known that wear is nature process that what happen at one time is function of all event that occurred previously. Therefore, based on previous work on dry sliding wear of multiple reinforcement composite, it might be proposed that the wear mechanism involved in integrated wear mechanism as shown in Fig. 4.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this paper was to highlight the development of wear theory since 1950’s up to contemporary theory. It can be concluded as follow: Adhesive wear is influenced by critical parameters such as applied load, speed and environment. Abrasive theory is influenced by contact geometry, matrix and hard reinforcement phase as well as interface characteristics. Delamination theory is influenced by changing of subsurface behavior because of load, speed, fracture toughness as well as creep/fatigue effect. MML theory’s influenced by mechanical and chemical reaction during sliding process. Self lubrication theory is influenced by the smearing of soft reinforcement phase on the contact surfaces during sliding process. Wear mechanism that occurred during dry siding wear of hybrid composite (multiple reinforcement composite consist of combination of hard and soft reinforcement) is combination of various mechanism and highly complex phenomenon.

References:

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A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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