International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 8(15), August, 2016

Pages: 23-26

Date of Publication: 11-Aug-2016


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A STUDY OF FRESHWATER POND TAXA MARSILEA QUADRIFOLIA & SALVINIA NATANS IN KOLKHETI LOWLAND BLACK SEA COASTLINE

Author: Bulbuli Bolqvadze, Izolda Matchutadze

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:In recent years, degradation of freshwater ponds, an important habitat of biodiversity, caused by the anthropogenic factors, has prompted scientists from the Mediterranean countries to evaluate freshwater ponds by the IUCN Red List as threatened ecosystem [1,2]. In 2015 IUCN Red List officially gave the freshwater ponds of the Mediterranean Sea coastal area global status [1,2]. The aim of the paper is to study freshwater species: Marsilea quadrifolia and Salvinia natans. The subject of the present study was freshwater ponds of Nature 2000 and Emerald Network coastal zone with predominance of Salvinia natans and protected by the EUNIS system and Bern Convention from Sarfi to Anaklia.
Methodology: During the study a transect method was used; special attention was paid to the habitat type, its ecological state, plant covering density (in %), composition of species and their quantity.
Results: Freshwater ponds of the Kolkheti costal area are valuable for being an important habitat for IUCN Red List species: Salvinia natans (LC) and Marsilea quadrifolia (LC). But these habitats and, respectively, plant species are affected by the greatest anthropogenic factors such as implementation infrastructural projects (seaports, terminals) causing their degradation and disappearance.
Discussion and Conclusion: In the article spreading of the habitats of Salvinia natans and Marsilea quadrifolia and threats are determined; recommendations for in-situ &ex-situ conservation of habitats and plant species are given.

Keywords: Kolkheti, Freshwater ponds, Marsilea quadrifolia, Salvinia natans, Conservation

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Natural freshwater ponds cover only 1% of the planet; they are distinguished with biodiversity and present one of the important ecosystems being under threat. In recent years, degradation of freshwater ponds, an important habitat of biodiversity, caused by the anthropogenic factors, has prompted scientists from the Mediterranean countries to evaluate freshwater ponds by the IUCN Red List as threatened ecosystems. In 2015 IUCN Red List officially gave the freshwater ponds of the Mediterranean Sea coastal area global status [1,2]. After the natural freshwater ponds were officially recognized by IUCN, donors and private companies took upon themselves an obligation and responsibility to help preservation of the habitats and protect it from any negative influences. This will provide a possibility to create protected territories of a new type. It would be reasonable to create a database and spreading maps [1,2,3]. Freshwater ponds of the Kolkheti coastal area are valuable for being an important habitat for IUCN Red List species: Salvinia natans, Marsilea quadrifolia. Both species are evaluated as of Least Concern (LC) category. This category includes widespread and large taxa and notes that they are not qualified as threatened groups. Subject of the Study Materials and Methods The subject of the study was protected by Nature 2000, Emerald Network and Bern Convention freshwater ponds and living there indicator species Salvinia natans, Marsilea quadrifolia. By the definition, a freshwater pond is a depression in the ground with greenish and brownish clear water, where pH=5-6. Habitats and density of plant cover were studied by the method DAFOR, where D means dominant species, A - Abundant, F – Frequent, O – Occasional, R – Rare. (www. Halcrow, www.TACIS, www.ICWS ). For plant description a transect method was used. Transect is a straight line running across the given habitat for the purpose of studying its plant communities. During phytocenosis study of the given habitat a square method was used on every 50 m space along the transect line. The squares were 4x4 m2 in parameters. For obtaining more detailed data the Domin-Krajina method was also used [1-4]. During the study special attention was paid to the habitat type, its ecological state, plant covering density (in %), composition of species and their quantity, and vitality of single species. The main guideline for field investigations was ecology of dry land plants [1-9]. RESULTS Marsilea quadrifolia is a subject protected by Bern Convention and EUNIS agreement of European Union. The pond with Marsilea quadrifolia was destroyed during the construction of a new boulevard and infrastructure systems. At present, the only habitat of Marsilea quadrifolia in Kolkheti, is a pond near the Tskaltsminda river and village Kvavilnari, close to a costal dune.

 

The ponds with predominance of Salvinia natans are protected by Bern Convention and EUNIS (European Union Nature Information System) agreement together with Emerald Network and Nature 2000. The development of the Anaklia free zone has destroyed freshwater ponds with predominance of Salvinia and caltrop. The area of Salvinia spreading gradually diminishes. Today the habitats of Salvinia in the Kolkheti lowland are the following: Anaklia – small freshwater ponds. Their number was significantly higher but it has been decreased and only two ponds of 5x5 m size remained; The river Tsivi - there is small number of population in chanals, but only individual species can be found; Churia – along the road to the south of Kulevi terminal.

DISCUSSION
Historically, in the coastal area of Kolkheti, habitats have been continuously degraded and disappeared as a result of human activity. This process has significantly increased from the beginning of the 20th century, namely: irrigation activities, dams over rivers that accompanied urban projects. In many places freshwater ponds were turned into dumpsites. A dump site at the right side of the Chorokhi River is a good example of it. Understanding of the importance of habitats, their role in the ecosystems is very low among the population. Significant anthropogenic factors are water pollution, uncontrolled tourism, the sea coastal line contaminated by household trash during the warm season. Excessive pasturage is one of the worst dangers as well as uncontrolled hunting and fishing. As a result, favorable conditions are created for proliferation propagation of invasive species. Another problem is that the territories of special value beyond the protected area are not given protected status that allows uncontrolled hunting and fishing.

CONCLUSION
In order to save the biodiversity of per-humid ecosystems of the Kolkheti coastal area, to implement protection and management of threatened species, it is necessary to activate and toughen the measures for environmental protection as well as create local protected areas. The role in protecting ecosystems cannot be overestimated. They form homeostasis that allows communities of species to function normally. Disappearance of even one species leads to misbalance between species interaction. Therefore all these habitats must be fully protected [10-12]. It is necessary to conduct ex-situ conservation of the species in the Batumi Botanical Garden as well as in the Kolkheti protected areas (the Kolkheti National park and Kobuleti protected areas). For this purpose, it is of utmost importance to create artificial freshwater ponds.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our thanks are to the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. We thank the Editors of IJCRR for their helpful comments and editorial support and for reviews that helped improve the paper. We would also like to pass our thanks to the driver of the expedition, Mr Niko Tavdgiridze, for his assistance to identify Marsilea and Salvinia places as well as his help in providing fuel.

References:

1. K. Smith, V. Barrios, W. Darwall, C. Numa (Editors) (2015) The Status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in the eastern mediterranean, IUCN Red List., 129 p;

2. W. Darwall, S. Carrizo, C. Numa, V. Barrios, J. Freyhot, K. Smith (2015) Freshwater key biodiversity areas in the Mediterranean Basin Hotspot, IUCN Red List, 86 p.;

3. I. Matchutadze, B.Bolqvadze, J.jakeli, M. Tsinaridze (2014) Kolkheti refugee- habitat and biodiversity conservation, wise use, World Biodiversity Congress, Sri-Lanka, abstracts book, 78-79.

4. I. Matchutadze, B.Bolqvadze, T.Bakuradze, M.Gvilava, D.Baratashvili (2013) Coastal Sand Dunes and Freshwater Ponds in Kolkheti – Threats and Needs for Conservation, Nova Publisher, ISBN: 978-1-62808-092-6, Chapter 8.

5. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, O.J. L206, 22.07.92.

6. CORINE Biotopes - Technical Handbook, volume 1, p. 73-109, Corine/Biotopes/89-2.2, 19 May 1988.

7. CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community. EUR 12587/3, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991.

8. EUR27. 2007 The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. European Commission DG Environment.

9. Relation between the Directive 92/43/EEC Annex I. Habitats and the CORINE habitat list 1991 (EUR 12587/3).

10. G. Nakhutsrishvili (1999) The vegetation of Georgia (Caucasus). - Braun-Blanquetia 15:1-74.

11. M. Barbour, J. Burk, W. Pitts, M. Schwartz (1999) Terrestrial Plant Ecology, Third Edition 373 p.

12. G. Nakhutsrishvili, I. Matchutadze (2014) Floristic assessment and creation of biodiversity monitoring program for flora surrounding of Kulevi terminal, 55 p.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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