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IJCRR - 3(10), October, 2011

Pages: 38-46

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MICROBIAL SURFACTANTS: AN OVERVIEW

Author: Praveesh BV, Soniyamby AR, Mariappan C, Palaniswamy M, Lalitha S

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Biosurfactants or microbial surfactants are surface-active biomolecules that are produced by a variety of
microorganisms. Biosurfactants have gained importance in the fields of enhanced oil recovery,
environmental bioremediation, food processing and pharmaceuticals owing to their unique properties such
as higher biodegradability and lower toxicity. Currently, biosurfactants are not widely utilized in the
petroleum industry due to high production costs associated with use of expensive substrates and
inefficient product recovery methods. The economics of biosurfactant production could be significantly
impacted through use of media optimization and application of inexpensive carbon substrates such as
agricultural process residuals. Utilization of biosurfactants produced from agricultural residuals may
result in an economic advantage for surfactant production and technology application, and convert a
substantial agricultural waste stream to a value added product. This article describes some practical
approaches that have been adopted to make the biosurfactant production process economically attractive.
These include the use of cheaper raw materials and different microorganisms produce different
biosurfactants. Here, we discuss the role and applications of biosurfactants focusing mainly on medicinal
and therapeutic perspectives. With these specialized and cost-effective applications in biomedicine, we
can look forward to biosurfactants as the molecules of the future.

Keywords: biosurfactants, classification, renewable-resources, application

Full Text:

INTRODCUTION

Microbial surfactants or biosurfactants are the surface-active molecules derived from a large number of microorganisms. These microbially produced surface-active compounds possess the ability to reduce the surface and interfacial tension between two immiscible fluid phases. It is only in the past few decades that surface active molecules of microbial origin, referred to as biosurfactants, have gained considerable interest. Biosurfactants have advantages over their chemicals counterparts because they are biodegradable [1], have low toxicity [2], are effective at extreme temperatures or pH values [3] and show better environmental compatibility [4]. BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS Various types of biosurfactants are synthesized by a number of microbes particularly during their growth on water-immiscible substrates. A

majority of biosurfactants are produced by bacteria. Bacillus, Clostridium and Pseudomonas species have often been used in the production of biosurfactant. Classification of Biosurfactant The microbial surfactants are complex molecules covering a wide range of chemical types including peptides, fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, antibiotics, lipopeptides, etc. Rosenberg and Ron [5] suggested that biosurfactants can be divided into low-molecular-mass molecules, which efficiently lower surface and interfacial tension, and high molecular- mass polymers, which are more effective as emulsion-stabilizing agents. The major classes of low-mass surfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and phospholipids, whereas high-mass surfactants include polymeric and particulate surfactants. A brief discussion about each class of biosurfactant is given below. Glycolipids: Glycolipids are the most common types of biosurfcatnt. They are carbohydrates in combination with long-chain aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic acids. Among the glycolipids, the best known are rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, and sophorolipids. Rhamnolipids Rhamnolipids, in which one or two molecules of rhamnose are linked to one or two molecules of β-hydroxydecanoic acid. These are the beststudied glycolipids. Production of rhamnosecontaining glycolipids was first described in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Jarvis and Johnson [6]. Rhamnoipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are among the most effective surfactants when applied for the removal of hydrophobic compounds from contaminated soils [7]. Trehalolipids The production of trehalose lipids seen in many members of the genus Mycobacterium. The

typical structure is due to the presence of trehalose esters on the cell surface [8] from different species of Mycobacteria [8], Corynebacteria, Nocardia, and Brevibacteria differ in size and structure of the mycolic acid esters. Trehalose lipids from Rhodococcus erythropolis and Arthrobacter sp. lowered the surface and interfacial tension in culture broth from 25 to 40 and 1 to 5 mN/m respectively [9]. Sophorolipids These glycolipids are produced mainly by yeast such as Torulopsis bombicola [10]. Sophrolipids (SLs) consist of a dimeric sugar (sophorose) and a hydroxyl fatty acid, linked by a β-glycisidic bond [11] . According to Hu and Ju, [12] there are two types of SLs namely, the acidic (nonlactonic) SLs and the lactonic SLs. The hydroxyl fattyacids moity of the acidic SLe s has a free carboxylic acid functional group whilst that of the lactonic SLs forms a macrocyclic lactone ring with 4?- hydroxyl group of sophorose by intramolecular esterification. Lipopeptides and lipoproteins A large number of cyclic lipopetides, including decapeptide antibiotics (gramicidins) and lipopeptide antibiotics (polymyxins) are produced. These consist of a lipid attached to a polypeptide chain [13]. Surfactin Surfactin just as any other biosurfcatant reduces surface tension from 72-27 mN m-1 with concentration as low as 0.005%, making surfcatn one of the most powerful biosurfctants [14]. The cyclic lipopeptides surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 is an example of one of the most powerful biosurfactants. It is composed of a seven amino-acid ring structure coupled to a fatty-acid chain via lactone linkage. Lichenysin Lichenysin is formed during growth of Bacillus licheniformis JF2 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [15]. It lowers the surface tension of water from 72 mN m-1 to 28 mN m-1. The detailed characterization of lichenysin A showed that isoleucine was the C-terminal amino acid instead of leucine and an asparagine residue was present instead of aspartic acid as in the surfactin peptide. Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids Fatty acids produced from alkanes as a result of microbial oxidations have been considered as surfactants [16]. Several bacteria and yeasts produce large quantities of fatty acid and phospholipid surfactants during growth on nalkanes [17]. Phospholipids are known to form major components of microbial membranes. When certains hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria or yeast are grown on alkane substrates, the level of phospholipids increases greatly [18]. Polymeric biosurfactants The best-studied polymeric biosurfactants are emulsan, liposan, alasan, lipomanan and other polysaccharide–protein complexes. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 produces an extracellular potent polyanionic amphipathics heteropolysaccharide bioemulsifier called emulsan [19]. It is an effective emisifying agent for hydrocarbons in water, even at a concentration as low as 0.001 to 0.01%. Additionally, it is noted as one of the most powerful emulsion stabilizers known with the ability to resist inversion even at water to oil ratio of 1:4 [20]. Liposan is an extracellular water-souble emulsifier synthesized by Candida lipolytica and is composed of 83% carbohydrate and 17% protein [21]. Particulate biosurfactants Extracellular membrane vesicles partition hydrocarbons to from a microemulsion, which plays an important role in alkane uptake by microbial cells. Vesicles of Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N with a diameter of 20–50 nm and a buoyant density of 1.158 cubic g/cm are composed of protein, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide [22].

PRODUCTION OF BIOSURFACTANT FROM RENEWABLE SOURCE

Though biosurfactant have advantage over synthetic surfactants, it can only replace the synthetic if the cost of the raw material and the process is minimal. So far, several renewable substrates form various sources; especially from industrial wastes have been intensively studied for microorganisms‘ cultivation and surfactant production at an experimental scale. A variety of cheap raw materials, including plant-derived oils, oil wastes, starchy substances, lactic whey and distillery wastes have been reported to support biosurfactant production. Plant derived oils Several studies with plant-derived oils have shown that they can act as effective and cheap raw materials for biosurfactant production. Vegetable oils are a lipidic carbon source and are mostly comprised of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids with 16-18 carbon atoms chain. Researchers have used variety of vegetable oils from canola, corn, sunflower, safflower, olive, rapeseed, grape seed, palm, coconut, fish and soybean oil. Haba et al. [23] used olive or sunflower cooking oil as carbon source for biosurfactant production by 36 isolated bacteria. Kitamoto et al. [24] studied the interfacial and antimicrobial properties of two kinds of mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL-A and B), biosurfactants, produced by Candida antarctica T-34, when grown on soybean oil as substrate. In a study of Sim et al. [25] they tested mixture of vegetable oils (canola oil, soy bean and glucose), for rhamnolipid production by P. aeruginosa UW-1 and reported 10-12 fold increase in rhamnolipid production on vegetable oils in comparison to glucose. Camargo-de-Morais et al. [26] studied the production of a glycolipid with emulsifier properties during cultivation of Penicillium citrinum on mineral medium with 1% olive oil as carbon source. Thaniyavarn et al. [27] studied the biosurfactant production by marine isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa A41 by using the defined medium containing 2% vegetable oil or fatty acid as a carbon source. Oliveira et al. [28] used palm oil, a low-cost agricultural byproduct which is used in as raw material for soap and food industries, for biosurfactant production using Pseudomonas alcaligenes (a strain isolated from crude oil contaminated soil). Oil wastes Apart from various vegetable oils, oil wastes from vegetable-oil refineries and the food industry were also reported as good substrates for biosurfactant production. Furthermore, various waste oils with their origins at the domestic level, in vegetable-oil refineries or soap industries were found to be suitable for microbial growth and biosurfactant production [23]. Soapstock is a gummy, ambercolored byproduct of oilseed processing. It is produced when hexane and other chemicals are used to extract and refine edible oil from the seeds. Shabtai [29] reported the production of two extracellular capsular heteropolysaccharides, emulsan and biodispersan by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 and A. calcoaceticus A2, respectively using soap stock as a carbon source. Mercade et al. [30] were the first group to show the production of rhamnolipids by P. aeruginosa 47T2 when grown on olive oil mill effluent (OOME) as the sole carbon source (a major waste problem in Spain). Soy molasses is a byproduct of soybean oil processing industry, is a best substrate for biosurfactant production. Soy molasses were used to produce sophorolipids by Candida bombicola [31]. The yield of pure biosurfactant was 21 g/l. In an effort to economize biosurfactant production Thavasi et al. [32] used a mixture of peanut oil cake and waste motor lubricant oil as a substrate for the biosurfactant production.Another raw materials associated with vegetable industry is residual cooking or frying oil which is a major source of nutrient rich low cost fermentative waste. Sadouk et al. [33] in an approach for reducing the cost of production of glycolipids by Rhodococcus erythropolis 16 LM.USTHB converted residual sunflower frying oil, a cheap renewable substrate, into extracellular glycolipids. Starchy substances Starch is a major agricultural product of corn, tapioca, wheat and potatoes which are major crops. Sugar and starch processing industries also produce large amount of solid residues of starch containing wastewater. The processing of agroindustrial raw materials such as cassava or potato produces the large amount of waste, whose accumulation leads to environmental pollution. Due to the high amounts of starch or reducing sugar, those wastes has been recognized as a suitable feedstock for industrial fermentations such as production of pullulan [34] and volatile compounds [35]. Das and Mukherjee [36] studied the efficiency of two Bacillus subtilis strains for the production of biosurfactants in two fermentation systems using powdered potato peels as substrate. Wang et al. [37] applied a Bacillus subtilis strain B6-1, for production of biosurfactant using soybean and sweet potato residues in solid-state fermentation. In addition, Nitschke and Pastore [38] used a cassava flour-processing effluent as a substrate for surfactant production by Bacillus subtilis LB5a and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332. Lactic whey and distillery wastes The dairy industry has a considerable amount of byproducts such as buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dubey and Juwarkar [39] cultivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS2 on whey waste for biosurfactant production. Daniel et al. [40] reported the high yields of sophorolipids production with whey concentrate and rapeseedoil as substrate. Molasses is also used as substrate for biosurfactant production [41- 43].

APPLICATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS

Biosurfactants are widely used in many industries such as agriciulture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Some of the potential applications of biosurfactants in pollution and environmental control are microbial enhanced oil recovery, hydrocarbon degradation in soil environment and hexa-chloro cyclohexane degradation, heavy-metal removal from contaminated soil and hydrocarbon in aquatic environment

Biosurfactant in food production

Biosurfactants can be explored for several foodprocessing applications. It has been applied in food industries usually as food additives (emulsifiers). For instance, lectin and its derivatives, fatty acids esters containing glycerol, sotbitan or ethylene glycol and ethoxylated derivatives of monoglycerides including recently synthesized oligopeptides [44]. These emulsifiers have a long way to improving the flavor, taste and quality of products with minimal health hazards. It is also used to control the agglomeration of fat globules, stabilize aerated systems, improve texture and shelf-life of starchcontaining products, modify rheological properties of wheat dough and improve consistency and texture of fat-based products [45]. In bakery and ice cream formulations biosurfactants act by controlling consistency, retarding staling and solubilizing flavour oils; they are also utilized as fat stabilizers and antispattering agents during cooking of oil and fats. Improvement in dough stability, texture, volume and conservation of bakery products is obtained by the addition of rhamnolipid surfactants [46]. Rhamnolipids was also used to improve the properties of butter cream,croissants and frozen confectionery products. Lrhamnose has considerable potential as a precursor for flavouring. It is already used industrially as a precursor of high-quality flavour components like furaneol [47]. Another application of biosurfactants in food industry is as antiadhesive agents. A surfactant released by Streptococcus thermophilus has been used for fouling control of heat-exchanger plates in pasteurizers, as it retards the colonization of other thermophilic strains of Streptococcus responsible for fouling. The preconditioning of stainless steel surfaces with a biosurfactant obtained from Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibits the adhesion of L. monocytogenes L028 strain [47].

Cosmetic application of Biosurfactant

Like synthetic surfactants, biosurfactant are excellent emulsifiers and maintain wetting and foaming properties, due to this characteristics of biosurfactant are valued in several applications in cosmetic industry. These compounds are as effective as chemical surfactants and have excellent skin compatibility that synthetic surfactants lack. Glycolipids surfactants have been most extensively analyzed, especially in the cosmetic industry due to exceptional skin compatibility [48]. Sophorolipids in particular are on the brink of being in-corporated into several cosmetic applications. Common types of glycolipids are sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids and rhemnolipids. C. bombicola is yeast commonly used for the production of sophorolipids which exhibit moisturizing, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties [49]. Therapeutic and biomedical applications: Biosurfactants have some therapeutic applications. The lipopeptide iturin from B. subtilis showed potent antifungal activity [50]. Rhamnolipids inhibited the growth of harmful bloom algae species, Heterosigma akashivo and Protocentrum dentatum. A rhamnolipid mixture

obtained from P. aeruginosa AT10 showed inhibitory activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Serratia arcescens, Mycobacterium phlei and Staphylococcus epidermidis and excellent antifungal properties against Aspergillus niger, Chaetonium globosum, Enicillium crysogenum, Aureobasidium pullulans and the phytopathogenic Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani [51]. The biosurfactant from L. fermentum was reported to inhibit S. aureus infection and adherence to surgical implants [52]. Agricultural application Biosurfactant also have application in agriculturel industry. It is used as antifungal agent against the phytopathogen. Stanghellini and Miller [53] studied about the antifungal activity of rhamnolipids against three genera of zoosporic phytopathogen; Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora capsici and Plasmopara lactucea-radicis. Biosurfactants are potentially used in various formulations of herbicides and pesticides [5]. An example is the use of glycolipoppetides produced by strains of Bacillus for emulsifying immiscible organophosphorus pesticides [54]. Biosurfactants in pollution and environmental control A promising method that can improve bioremediation effectiveness of hydrocarbon contaminated environments is the use of biosurfactants. They can enhance hydrocarbon bioremediation by two mechanisms. [55]. By reducing surface and interfacial tensions, biosurfactants increase the surface areas of insoluble compounds leading to increased mobility and bioavailability of hydrocarbons. In consequence, biosurfactants enhance biodegradation and removal of hydrocarbons. Biosurfactant used degrade hydrocarbon in aquatic environment. Surfactants enhance degradation by dispersing and emulsifying hydrocarbons. Chakrabarty [56] reported that an emulsifier produced by P. aeruginosa SB30 was able to quickly disperse oil into fine droplets; therefore it may be useful in removing oil from contaminated beaches [57].

CONCLUSION

Biosurfactants have received more and more attention in recent years as surface-active compounds released by microorganisms that have some influence on interfaces, most notably on the surface tension of liquid – vapor interfaces. Over the years, biosurfactants are not widely utilized in the industries due to high production costs, if the scientific worlds overcome these problems by the use of inexpensive substrates and better biotechnological tools biosurfactant will shine as most valuable biological molecule in future.

References:

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A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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