International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(18), September, 2012

Pages: 94-99

Date of Publication: 29-Sep-2012


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STUDY OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CONTRACEPTIVE USERS IN AN URBAN SLUM OF BIJAPUR

Author: Santosh M Biradar, Angadi M M

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: The fruits of economic growth cannot felt unless population explosion is prevented. The contraceptive usage in community depends on various factors like socioeconomic class, religion, education, parity, preference for male children etc. The study was done to know the sociodemographic profile of contraceptive users Objective: To assess the prevalence of contraceptive usage and to find out reasons for non acceptance. Methodology: community based cross-sectional study of the married women residing in an urban slum of Bijapur. Results: couple protection rate was 65.3%. Tubectomy (56.6%) was most common method of contraception. Contraceptive usage was more in families were women was from upper class, nuclear family, higher age group, high parity and had sons. These associations were found to be statistically significant. 34.7 % women were non acceptors of contraception. The most common reason for non acceptance was pregnancy and lactation (34.6%) and intending for more children (24.1%). Other important reasons were fertility related reasons, Opposition to use, Lack of awareness, and Fear of side effects. Conclusion: Contraceptive usage in community can be increased by improving IEC activities and quality of family planning services.

Keywords: sociodemographic profile, contraceptives, family planning.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
An Expert Committee (1977) of the WHO defined family planning as "a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country" 1 .The population growth rate in India is alarming and detrimental to development of country. The fruits of economic growth cannot felt unless population explosion is prevented. According to the census 2001, the Indian population was 1024 million and is expected to overtake China and become the most populous country in the world by 2045.2 India was the first country in the world to formulate the National Family Planning Programme in year 1952 with objective of “reducing the birth rate of the extent to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of National Economy” 3 . The contraceptive usage in community depends on various factors like socioeconomic class, religion, education, parity, preference for male children etc. The study was done to know the sociodemographic profile of contraceptive users and also to find out reasons for non acceptance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a community based cross-sectional study. The study was conducted on married women (15yr – 49yr) residing in an urban slum of the field practice area of Shri B M Patil Medical College. Sample size was calculated using the formula4 Z= 4PQ / D2 as 258 ( NHFS-3 5 , prevalence (P) of Family Planning practices in Karnataka for urban population was 60.8 %, at 5 % significance, with 10 % allowable error). The total sample size was rounded off to 300. The participants were interviewed using a predesigned, structured questionnaire and data was analysed by statistical tests like proportions and chi-square.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It was observed from the study that majority women were Hindus (71.3 %) and Muslims were 28.7%.Most women were in the age group of 20-29yrs (29.6%) and from joint family (59%). As the study was conducted in slum, majority women (62.3%) were from lower socioeconomic strata (upper Lower and Lower class of Modified Prasad Classification).

The couple protection rate in study area was 65.3% with 196 contraceptive users. The 34.7% women were not using any form of modern contraception. The contraceptive prevalence in study area (65.3%) was more than that observed by NFHS-3 for urban population in Karnataka (60.8%). Tubectomy (56.6%) was most common method of contraception. This was followed by methods like OCP (18.4%), IUD (16.3%) and Condom (8.7%). None of subject's partner had undergone Vasectomy as a method of contraception. A study in rural community of Maharashtra 6 observed the prevalence of contraceptive usage of 66.7 % with tubectomy as most common method of contraception. Anju Puri et al7 reported 58.3% of contraceptive users had tubectomy and vasectomy was not accepted by any of subject's partner. These studies indicate male dominant nature of society with family planning as a female domain. Thus there is need to encourage male participation (condoms, vasectomy) and improve couple protection rate.

It was observed that 34.6% of women were either Pregnant or Lactating and hence not using any contraception. Intenders for children accounted for 24.1%.The other reasons for non acceptance were Opposition to use (14.4%), Fertility related reasons (11.5%), Lack of awareness (9.6%), Fear of side effects (5.8%). Khokhar A8 et al reported in their study reasons for non acceptance as anti religion, opposition from family members, ignorance about use and no knowledge about the source. These studies indicate that many subjects had given the reason for not using contraception as lack of information, worry of side effects and opposition to use. These couples need to be properly counseled to reduce the myths and fear about contraceptives and improve acceptance rates.

 

The age of women had an influence on acceptance of contraception. The acceptance rate increased with increase in age of women. This association was highly significant (p<0.0001). Sumedha M Joshi 9 et al and Padma Mohanan10 et al reported similar findings in their studies.

 

The acceptors of family planning were more in Hindus (67.3%) compared to Muslims (60.5%). However the difference was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). DHS reports8 from Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and study by Padma Mohanan10 et al have shown Muslims were less likely to be ever users. The non acceptors are more in Muslims may be due to religious objections.

Acceptors of contraceptives were more from the nuclear families (73.2%) compared to joint families (59.9%) and this association was statistically significant (P<0.05). Sumedha M.Joshi9 et al cited a positive association between nuclear family and acceptance of contraception. These studies indicate nuclear families may have better freedom of making decision and privacy compared to joint families.

Acceptors were more in upper class (84.2%) compared to lower class(61.1%) and there was statistically significant relation between Socioeconomic status and contraceptive use (P <0.05). These findings were similar to those reported by Bratati Bannerjee’s11 et al. The number of children in family had positive influence on contraceptive use. Non acceptance decreased from 77.8%% at zero parity to less than 15.1% in those having more than four children. This association was statistically highly significant (p <0.05). A study in Calcutta showed that women become more interested in controlling fertility after the birth of the first child and this increased with each additional child 12. A similar study in urban slum of Mumbai showed CPR increased with increase in number of living children 9 .

 

It was found that the acceptors of contraceptives increased with increase in number of male living children and association was statistically highly significant (P <0.0001). The studies by Kansal Chandra 13 et al and Sharma AK 14 et al also cited want of male children in family as a reason for non acceptance of contraception. These studies indicate affinity for male child (male child syndrome) in society. CONCLUSION The pattern of contraceptive use in study area was similar to those observed by other studies in India and other developing countries. The people should be made aware of ill effects of population explosion. Importance of contraceptive use to space and limit births needs to be stressed. There is need to make programmatic changes in family planning services to encourage male participation. Economic development is the best contraceptives. Proper counseling can dispel myths about adverse effects. Interventions from religious leaders help in reducing religious differentials in usage of contraception. Women empowerment minimizes male child preference. Improving quality and basket approach to family planning services will improve the coverage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors would like to thank all the participants of study. Authors also acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors, editors and publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1 WHO (1971). Techn. Rep. Ser., No. 483

2 Park K. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 19th edition published by Banarsidas Bhanot Jabalpur 2007. Page No 389-412

3 National Population Policy-2000, Government of India

4 Kishore J. National Health Programmes of India; National policies and legislations related to health. Century publications New Delhi 7th edition, page no 93

5 National Family Health Survey, India. Available at http://www.nfhsindia.org

6 Balaiah, M. Ghule, Naik D D, Parida R C and Hazari K T. Fertility attitudes and family planning practices of men in rural community of Maharashtra. The Journal of Family Welfare, 2001; April; Vol. 47, No.1, Page 56-37

7 Anju Puri, Suneela Garg, Malti Mehra. Assessment of unmet need for contraception in an urban slum of Delhi. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, (2004-07 - 2004-09); Vol. 29, No. 3

8 Khokhar A, Gulati N. A study of never users of contraception from an urban slum of Delhi. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, (2000-01 - 2000-03); Vol. 25, No. 1

9 Sumedha M. Joshi, Shirish B.Patil. Knowledge and practice of family planning in an urban slum of Mumbai, Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine;2007; Vol. 38, No 1 and 2

10 Padma Mohanan, Asha Kamath, B.S. Sajjan. Fertility pattern and family planning practices in a rural area in Dakshina Kannada. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2003; Jan.-Mar; Vol. Xxviil, No.1

11 Bratati Banerjee. Socioeconomic and cultural determinants of acceptance of permanent methods of contraception. The Journal of Family Welfare, 2004; June; Vol 50 No 1, Page No 54-60

12 Rama Ram, Ghosh M.N, Salil Bhattacharya, Anima Haldar, Chitra Chatterjee, Narendranath Naskar. Study of unmet need for family planning among married women of reproductive age attending immunization clinic in a medical college of Calcutta. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. (2000-01 - 2000-03); Vol. 25, No. 1

13 Kansal A, Chandra R, Kandpal S.D, Negi KS. Epidemiological correlates of contraceptive prevalence in rural population of Dehradun district. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2005; April-June; Vol. 30, No. 2, Page 60-62

14 Sharma AK, Grover V, Agrawal OP, Dubey KK, Sharma S. Pattern of contraceptive use by residents of a village in South Delhi. India Journal of Public Health 1997; 41 (3): 75-78.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
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A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
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A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
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A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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