International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 8(21), November, 2016

Pages: 29-34

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RELATIONSHIP OF GRIP AND PINCH STRENGTH TO BODY MASS INDEX AMONG DENTAL PROFESSIONALS-CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Author: Fazin Abdul Salam, Thangadurai Chinnakalai

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Aim: To determine the relationship of grip and pinch strength to body mass index among dental professionals.
Methodology: In this cross sectional study total number of 150 dental professionals, aged 22 to 40 years, who fulfilled selection criteria, were recruited through Purposive sampling. Participant's height, weight, body mass index, grip strength, lateral pinch strength, Pad to Pad pinch strength and Tip to Tip pinch strength were then assessed. All measurements were taken by using standardized procedures. The data collected was analyzed by using Pearson's correlation test.
Results: The inferential statistics had shown that there was a significant positive correlation between body mass index and grip strength with correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.233 (p = 0.004), body mass index and lateral pinch strength with of r value 0.259 (p value = 0.01), body mass index and pad to pad pinch strength with r value of 0.209 (p value = 0.05), body mass index and tip to tip pinch strength with r value of 0.169(p value = 0.05).
Conclusion: The study shows that there is a significant weak positive correlation between body mass index and Grip strength, body mass index and lateral pinch strength, body mass index and pad to pad pinch strength and body mass index and tip to tip pinch strength.

Keywords: Body Mass Index, Grip strength, Lateral pinch strength, Pad to Pad pinch strength, Tip to Tip pinch strength

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Grip and pinch strength of dental professionals have been focused in numerous studies worldwide. The prevalence of work-related upper extremity Musculo-Skeletal Disorders are increased among dentists and dental hygienists than other professionals.1 As the work area of dentists is narrow, dental treatment is performed in a very inflexible work posture, 2so they are more prone for Musculo-Skeletal Disorders even from early stage of their career.3 One of the factors associated with the high prevalence of upper extremity Musculo-Skeletal Disorders among dental practitioners is the repeated high pinch force applied during periodontal scaling4. Overuse and extreme range of motion of certain muscle groups and joints are caused by repeated identical or similar motions, which are performed over a period of time can eventually lead to muscular fatigue which in turn affects the grip and pinch strength.5

Hand strength evaluation has been identified as an important factor in predicting Musculo-Skeletal Disorders, the grip strength and pinch strength are considered to be an objective outcome measures.6 Grip and pinch are measures of the hand muscles strength 7, 8 Pinch grip strength has been used as indices of strength in hand therapy assessments.9 The grip strength and pinch strength was reported to be higher in dominant hand.10

Body mass in adults can be classified using body mass index, which is a simple index of weight-for-height, With the increase in body mass index grading, the health risk may be differ among different population.11,12 Research has shown that individuals fall into overweight or obese categories has higher chances of experiencing health problems.13body mass indexis one of the key factors in the development of musculoskeletal dysfunction, that may vary among different professionals.

Singh A, Prohit B reported that Obesity was observed in third-year (22.4%), final-year (16.3%) students, interns (20.4%) and faculty members (40.8%).14Ibegbu Augustine Oseloka et.al stated that body mass index have positive correlation with grip strength among Nigerian students.15T Kamarul, TS Ahmad stated thathand grip strength was positively correlated with hand dominance, gender, occupation, height, and weight, but not with body mass index.16Also, Angelica Soares et.al concluded that there was no association between grip strength and body mass index in general population.17

Disparity exists in the literature over the relationship between hand grip strength and body mass index in different professionals, some researchers claiming a positive relationship between grip strength and body mass index in all age groups, while other researchers found no relationship18-21. Especially in dental profession there are lacks of studies in finding the relationship between body mass index with grip and pinch strength. Hence, this study aims to find the correlation between grip and pinch strength with body mass index among dental professionals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted among dental professionals aged 22 to 40 years with a sample size of 150. Purposive sampling method was used. The participants who fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study. Prior to the participation, the study was explained and written informed consent was obtained from each of them. Ethical clearance was obtained from University ethics committee. The inclusion criteria: healthy dental professionals who are practicing at least for 1 year, males and females between 22 to 40 years of age with full functional range of motions of upper limb and neck. Exclusion criteria were participants with MSD, a history of recent surgery, any neurological disorder and any systemic illness.

A standardized weighing machine was used to measure the weight of each Participant. The height was measured by using a stadiometer. Body Mass Index was calculated for each participant by using the formulaBody Mass Index =Weight(Kg)/Height(m)2

METHODS

Grip strength was measured by using a Jamar Dynamometer (figure 1), lateral pinch (figure 2), pad to pad(figure 3) and tip to tip (figure 4) pinch strengths were measured by using a pinch gauge. The standardized functional positions were used.22-25 Participants were asked to Grip/pinch with his/her dominant hand; other end of the pinch gauge was hold by the investigator. Explanation was given to squeeze the dynamometer and press the pinch gauge. Then, they were allowed to familiarize themselves with the instrument by a sub-maximal practice trial. Finally, they were asked to squeeze/pinch the handle of dynamometer/pinch gauge as strong as possible and measurement was taken (in Kg). The same was repeated for 3 times, allowing a 10 seconds rest between the measurements.23Average of 3 measurements was calculated and documented.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive Statistics was produced for Age, Gender, Hand dominance, body mass index, grip strength, lateral pinch, pad to pad and tip to tip pinch strength distribution.  The Pearson’s Correlation test was used to check the relationship between body mass index and grip strength, lateral pinch, pad to pad and tip to tip, P<0.05 is considered to be significant.

RESULTS

Results show there is a significant positive correlation between body mass index and grip strength with correlation coefficient (r) equal to 0.233 (p = 0.004) (refer Table 3 and graph 1). There is a significant positive correlation between body mass index and lateral pinch strength with r = 0.259 (p =0.01) (refer Table 4 and graph 2). There is a significant positive correlation between the body mass index and pad to pad pinch strength with r = 0.209 (p =0.05) (Table 5 and graph 3). There is a significant positive correlation between the body mass index and tip to tip pinch strength with r = 0.169 (p =0.05) (refer Table 6 and graph 4)

DISCUSSION

Descriptive statistics shows that participants between 23 to 40 years old (male - 47.33%, female- 52.77%) were participated in the study. Both right and left dominance were included in the study, while comparing the percentage of right and left dominance, it is observed that 93.33 are right dominant individuals.

The inferential statistical value in correlatingbody mass index with grip strength shows that there was a significant positive correlation but it was weak (r value = 0.233). Similar findings were observed in a study “systematic exploring the relationship between hand grip strength and body mass index in healthy general population” by Kun-Hsi Liao.26Ibegbu Augustine Oseloka also concluded that there is a positive correlation between hand grip strength and body mass index in Nigerian college students.16

When correlating body mass index with lateral pinch strength, pad to pa pinch strength, and tip to tip pinch strength, the results showed that there were significant positive correlations but it was weak (r value = 0.259, 0.29, 0.169 respectively). Study results agree with the findings of Tsuyoshi Tajika et.al, which showed that there was significant weak positive correlation of body mass index with lateral pinch and tip to tip pinch strengths but pad to pad pinch strength was not significant.27 Ehsanollah Habibi et.al who conducted a study on hand grip and pinch strength concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between body mass index and pinch strength.28

The positive correlation between body mass index with grip strength and pinch strength observed in this study may have occurred due to the reason that the subjects involved in the study were young adults and falls more in normal and overweight category (64.67% and 21.33%). The existence of greater percentage of lean body mass in normal and overweight individuals compared to the underweight and obese (7.3% and 6.67%) individuals may be influenced to perform handgrip and pinch in a better way. This is agreed by the study done by Duangporn Thong-Ngam et al. stated that subjects with normal body mass indexhad significantly higher hand grip strength than overweight and obese group.29 The result of Smrithi shetty et al. revealed that the Body Mass Index of under weight category has less grip strength compared to normal and overweight category among young adults.30

It is a known fact that dental professionals use more of hand grip and pinch activities with different stressful positions that may keep stress on the musculoskeletal system which in turn leads to repeated fatigue of small hand muscles resulting in less hand grip and pinch strength,31 this may be a reason for weak correlation.However, further studies comparing dental professionals with general population is needed.

LIMITATION

Though we planned to include the participants from 22 to 40 yearsold, except very few many above 30 years were unwilling to participate in the study.

CONCLUSION

The study shows that there is a significantly weak positive correlation of body mass indexwith grip strength and pinch strength. So body mass index may be considered as an influential variable in determining the grip strength and pinch strength, which is an essential component of dental clinical performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Authors are also grateful to Yenepoya University for permitting the smooth conduct of the study.

Table 1: Descriptive statistics: Gender and hand dominance distribution.

Variable (n=150)

Frequency (%)

Gender

Male

71 (47.33)

Female

79 (52.67)

Hand Dominance

Right

145 (93.33)

Left

5 (6.67)

TABLE 2: Descriptive statistics of Age, Body Mass Index, Grip Strength, Lateral Pinch, Pad to Pad and Tip to Tip pinch strength.

Variables (n=150)

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Standard Deviation

AGE (Year)

23

40

26.05

2.95

Body Mass Index  Score

16.40

34.72

23.3

3.79

Grip Strength (Kg)

6.60

49.30

25.08

7.47

 

 

PINCH STRENGTH

(Kg)

Lateral Pinch

2.80

13.50

5.99

1.96

Pad to Pad

2.00

11.80

4.42

1.59

Tip to Tip

0.60

6.50

2.77

1.17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3: Inferential statistics of correlation between Body Mass Index and Grip Strength

Variable (n=150)

Mean (Standard Deviation)

Correlation coefficient “r”

p Value

Body Mass Index

23.33(3.79)

0.233

0.004

Grip Strength

25.07(7.47)

Table 4: Inferential statistics of correlation between Body Mass Index and Lateral Pinch strength

Variable (n=150)

Mean (SD)

Correlation coefficient “r”

p Value

Body Mass Index

23.33 (3.79)

0.259

0.01

Lateral Pinch strength

5.99 (1.96)

Table 5: Inferential statistics of correlation between Body Mass Index and Pad to Pad pinch strength

Variable (n=150)

Mean (Standard deviation)

Correlation coefficient “r”

p Value

Body Mass Index

23.33 (3.79)

0.209

0.05

Pad to Pad pinch strength

4.42 (1.59)

 

Table 6: Inferential statistics of correlation between Body Mass Index and Tip To tip pinch strength

Variable (n=150)

Mean (Standard deviation)

Correlation coefficient “r”

p Value

Body Mass Index

23.33 (3.79)

0.169

0.05

Tip to Tip pinch strength

2.77 (1.17)


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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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