International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(14), July, 2012

Pages: 19-23

Date of Publication: 31-Jul-2012


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INMAS (INTEGRATED NEUROMUSCULAR ACUPOINT SYSTEM) AS AN ADJUNCT THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF TRIGGER FINGER: A CASE REPORT

Author: Darshpreet Kaur, Nidhi Billore, Gunjan Kumar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Trigger finger is a common, underdiagnosed finger aliment, thought to be caused by inflammation and subsequent narrowing of the A1 pulley, which causes pain, clicking, catching, and loss of motion of the affected finger in long standing diabetic patients. Till now steroid injections or surgical management has been a main stay for the treatment. Case presentation: We present the case of an otherwise physically-adept 58-year-old Diabetic Indian serviceman, with signs and symptoms consistent with volar flexor middle finger tenosynovitis (Trigger finger) in left hand. Range limitations in all motions of the left metacarpo-phalangeal joints complicated his presentation. Methods and Measures: Physical therapy included conventional intervention with superficial heat, ultrasound, stretching and transverse friction massage directed to the second volar flexor tendon. Conventional joint mobilization techniques addressed the motion limitations of the ii- iv metacarpophalangeal joints, radiocarpal, and midcarpal joints. In addition, INMAS technique was utilised at trigger site to promote pain-free wrist and finger mobility. Patient's sugar levels were closely monitored throughout the treatment. Results: The described treatment regime, which involved conventional physical therapy interventions, along with INMAS aided in the early complete resolution of this patient's impairments and functional limitations. Conclusion: The combination of conventional physical agents, exercise, and manual therapy, and the less conventional INMAS techniques, proved successful with this patient. INMAS involving needling of SA's which developed due to injury or disease. INMAS involving inoculation of minute trauma into the body to restore the mechanisms of self-healing was an effective and efficient adjunct to physical therapy intervention.

Keywords: Superficial dry needling (INMAS), Trigger finger, tenosynovitis

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide as we enter the new millennium. The World Health Organization (WHO) has commented there is ?an apparent epidemic of diabetes which is strongly related to lifestyle and economic change‘. Over the next decade the projected number will exceed 200 million. Most will have type-2 diabetes, and all are at risk of the development of complications1 . Diabetes may affect the musculoskeletal system in a variety of ways. The metabolic perturbations in diabetes (including glycosylation of proteins; microvascular abnormalities with damage to blood vessels and nerves; and collagen accumulation in skin and periarticular structures) result in changes in the connective tissue2 . Musculoskeletal complications are most commonly seen in patients with a longstanding history of type 1 diabetes, but they are also seen in patients with type 2 diabetes4 . Some of the complications have a known direct association with diabetes, whereas others have a suggested but unproven association. Diabetic cheiroarthropathy3 , also known as diabetic stiff hand syndrome or limited joint mobility syndrome, is found in 8–50% of all patients with type 1 diabetes and is also seen in type 2 diabetic patients. The prevalence increases with duration of diabetes. Increased glycosylation of collagen in the skin and periarticular tissue, decreased collagen degradation, diabetic microangiopathy, and possibly diabetic neuropathy are thought to be some of the contributing factors. Trigger finger is a common disorder as a result of a disproportion in size between the digital flexor tendons and the A1 pulley. Several authors have noted that, in patients with diabetes mellitus, trigger finger is more common, often occurring in multiple digits. More commonly the nodule is proximal to the A-1 pulley4 , and the patient's digit is more likely to become stuck in the flexed position6 . A mismatch between the flexor tendon and the proximal pulley mechanism occurs in most cases. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between this condition and activities that require exertion of pressure in the palm while a powerful grip is employed or that involve repetitive, forceful digital flexion (e.g., arc welding, use of heavy shears). Proximal phalangeal flexion in power-grip activities causes high annular loads at the distal edge of the A1 pulley. Hueston and Wilson have suggested that bunching of the interwoven tendon fibres causes the reactive intratendinous nodule.7 Till now corticosteroid and surgical release11 are a main stay of management of Trigger finger. However few studies have proved physiotherapy to be efficacious in prevention of reoccurrences8 .The techniques used conventionally is: superficial heat, ultrasound, stretching and transverse friction massage directed to the second volar flexor tendon. Conventional joint mobilization techniques 8 addressed the motion limitations of the ii- iv metacarpophalangeal joints, radiocarpal, and midcarpal joints and splinting11 . But unfortunately these techniques are sometimes insufficient to relieve patient‘s symptoms. This scenario demands for a deeper look into other available therapeutic options.

CASE REPORT
A 58 years old diabetic (from past 18 years) man was referred to our centre for the management tenosynovitis (Trigger finger) at volar flexor of middle finger in left hand, insidious in onset 1 month back. The patient came to us after receiving 15 sessions of conventional physiotherapy comprising of superficial heat, ultrasound, stretching and transverse friction massage directed to the second volar flexor tendon. He was also wearing a finger splint.

Physical examination revealed:

  • Finger stiffness, particularly at night and in the morning
  • A popping or clicking sensation as he moves finger
  • Tenderness or a bump (nodule) at the base of the middle finger
  • Finger catching or locking in a bent position, which suddenly pops straight
  • Pain in stretching fingers outwardly/ making a fist
  • Radiation of pain towards wrist along the line of middle phalynx
  • Palpation of the A1 pulley and joint play of the distal interphalangeal joint reproduced/exacerbated the reported pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
According to Green's classification of triggering: Grade II (active) - Demonstrable catching, but with the ability to actively extend the digit. After taking approval from BNDC review board and patient‘s written informed consent we added INMAS technique along with conventional therapy at trigger site to promote pain-free wrist and finger mobility. The INMAS techniques involved needling of the symptomatic acupoints (SA‘s) in the affected region. In the first and second session INMAS was given only at the nodule on the base of the middle finger (Fig1). In the third and the fourth session the long flexor muscle of the middle finger was also needled (Fig 2). Patient‘s sugar levels were closely monitored throughout the treatment. Patient was given 5 sittings in 3 weeks‘ time.

RESULTS
After the FIRST treatment involving INMAS, Stretching and Ultrasound, the subject had increased range of motion (ROM) however moderate pain was still present at end range. After SECOND session, there was no clicking with flexion or extension and the extension of the ii MCP was restored to full range. After the THIRD treatment, there was minimal pain upon palpation and the ROM was full without pain. The patient reported to be utilizing his stick shift handle in his car to help self-mobilize. By the FOURTH treatment, there was full pain free ROM and only minimal pain at the capsule with deep palpation, although some weakness/fatigue was becoming evident with repeated flexion. Flexor pollicis longus was rated a 4/5 (patient could hold the position against strong to moderate resistance with full range of motion). At this point the subject reported that he was able to perform all activities of daily living. At the FIFTH treatment, ROM remained full with no recurrence of pain, snapping, or clicking. There was mild weakness (4/5) present as noted in the previous visit but no palpable adhesions were present. The patient had full normal range of motion restored. The subject was given ?theraputty? and released with FINGER exercises (flexion, extension, abduction and adduction) to continue on with strengthening at home. Two months after discharge and 6 months after discharge, he was contacted over telephone and he reported no re-aggravations or further complications. His sugar levels were also under control. 


DISCUSSION
Integrated Neuromuscular Acupoint System (INMAS) is a unique treatment protocol developed by Dr. Yun-tao Ma12. Acupuncture needling creates a tiny lesion and bleeding in the contractile muscle and surrounding tissues. As a result, the tight muscle relaxes immediately and blood circulation improves. Thus vicious cycle of energy crises is broken. Once the acupuncture needle becomes coupled to tissue, movements of the needle (rotation or pistoning) may send a signal through connective tissue via deformation of the extracellular matrix13. The needled lesion disturbs the surrounding tissue and generates a small electrical current up to 500 mA/cm. The importance of this effect is that pulling of collagen fibers during needle manipulation may transmit a mechanical signal, through deformation of the extracellular matrix, to cells such as fibroblasts that are abundant in connective tissue. The subsequent signal transduction events may contribute to the therapeutic effect. These observations suggest that the mechanical signal created by acupuncture needle manipulation can induce intracellular cytoskeletal rearrangements in fibroblasts and possibly in other cells present within connective tissue, such as capillary endothelial cells. Cytoskeletal reorganization in response to mechanical load signals has been shown to induce cell contraction, migration, and protein synthesis. Downstream effects of the mechanical signal generated by acupuncture needle manipulation therefore potentially include synthesis and local release of growth factors, cytokines, vasoactive substances, degradative enzymes, and structural matrix elements. Release of these substances may influence the extracellular milieu surrounding connective tissue cells. Changes in matrix composition, in turn, can further modulate signal transduction to and within the cell. In summary, the insertion and manipulation of acupuncture needles may have both local and remote therapeutic effects based on the same underlying mechanism: mechanical coupling of needle to connective tissue, winding of tissue around the needle, generation of a mechanical signal by pulling of collagen fibres during needle manipulation, and mechano-transduction of the signal into cells. Downstream effects of this mechanical signal may include cell secretion, modification of extracellular matrix, amplification and propagation of the signal along connective tissue planes, and modulation of afferent sensory input via changes in the connective tissue milieu.13 A needle induced lesion may last at least 2 days or longer before the body heals it, which means after the needles are removed; the needle-induced lesions keep working for at least 48 hours12. This lesion also triggers the local and systemic immune and anti-inflammatory reaction. Determination of this technique‘s effectiveness with a given patient required some clinical trial and error. The decision to use this technique was guided by substantial ineffectiveness of only conventional physiotherapy treatment and strong support in favour of INMAS. If the involved joints demonstrate an immediate increase in range of motion and pain reduction, then this intervention can be safely used in the patient12 . The purpose of this case report is to introduce INMAS as an adjunct intervention method for the treatment of Trigger Finger.

CONCLUSIONS
This case report serves as an initial step in a research process that would explore INMAS as a useful addition to conventional physical therapy intervention, as there is a paucity of clinical research studies that examine the efficacy of this technique. Thus far, the evidence supporting INMAS is chiefly anecdotal. As with any novel physical therapy intervention, research at all levels is necessary to prove efficacy. In this case study, one interesting conceptual question is raised: Can Superficial Dry Needling / INMAS at acute stage positively influence tendon disorders

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References:

1. Assessment of Burden of Non communicable Disease in India,WHO,2004

2. Rachel Peterson Kim, MD, Steven V. Edelman, MD and Dennis D. Kim, MD. Clinical Diabetes July 2001; 19 ( 3): 132-135

3. The diabetic hand Reumatismo 2004; 56(3):139- 42

4. Schiavon F; Circhetta C; Dani L Hand manifestations of diabetes mellitus. J Hand Surg Am. 2008; 33(5):771-5

5. Ravindran Rajendran S, Bhansali A, Walia R, Dutta P, Bansal V, Shanmugasundar G. Prevalence and pattern of hand soft-tissue changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2011 Sep; 37(4):312-7.

6. Benedetti A, Noacco C, Simonutti M, Taboga C. Diabetic trigger finger. N Engl J Med 1982;306(25):1552 (Letter)

7. Hueston JT, Wilson WF. The aetiology of trigger finger explained on the basis of intratendinous architecture. Hand. Oct 1972;4(3):257-60

8. Salim N, Abdullah S, Sapuan J, Haflah NH.Outcome of corticosteroid injection versus physiotherapy in the treatment of mild trigger fingers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]

9. Watanabe H, Hamada Y, Toshima T, Nagasawa K.Conservative treatment for trigger thumb in children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001 Jul; 121(7):388-90.

10. Nemoto K, Nemoto T, Terada N, Amako M, Kawaguchi M. Splint therapy for trigger thumb and finger in children J Hand Surg Br. 1996 Jun; 21(3):416-8.

11. Stahl S, Kanter Y, Karnielli E.J Outcome of trigger finger treatment in diabetes. Diabetes Complications. 1997 Sep-Oct; 11(5):287-90.

12. Biomedical Acupuncture for Pain Management An Integrative Approach By Yun-tao Ma, PhD; Mila Ma, LicAc; and Zang Hee Cho, PhD 2005

13. Helene M. Langevini,David L.Churchill, Marilyn J.Cipolla. Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. The FASEB Journal. 2001;15:2275-2282

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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Best Article Award

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A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
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A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
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A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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