International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 4(21), November, 2012

Pages: 70-75

Date of Publication: 15-Nov-2012


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PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS LINN: AN IMPORTANT DRUG OF UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

Author: Ajij Ahmed, Nasreen Jahan, Abdul Wadud, Hashmat Imam, Syeda Hajera, Alia Bilal

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:The aim of the present paper is to provide information regarding the therapeutic uses and scientific studies carried out on Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The key words used for the literature search were Adiantum capillus-veneris, Parsioshan, physico chemical, phytochemical and pharmacological study. The search was carried out through Unani classical books, ethno botanical literature and Google scholar. The drug is popularly known as \"Parsiaoshan\" in Unani and used to treat a number of diseases. It is traditionally used as a diuretic, resolvent, antipyretic, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant and deobstruent. It is also useful in the treatment of hair fall and skin diseases. Chemical analysis of Parsioshan shows that it contains triterpenoids, flavonoids and various other constituents. Research studies have shown that it possesses anti fungal, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial, hypoglycemic and lithotriptic activities. An extensive review of ancient literature of Unani medicine revealed that the drug having numerous therapeutic actions, several of which have been established scientifically which may help the researchers to set their minds for approaching the utility, efficacy and potency of Adiantum capillus-veneris.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
As folk medicine, the pteridophytes which constitute ferns and fern allies have been known to man for more than 2000 years and also have been mentioned in ancient literature. It has been observed that pteridophytes are not infected by microbial pathogens, which may be one of the important factors for the evolutionary success of pteridophytes and the fact that they survived for more than 350 million years1 . Fern and fern allies, also known as botanical snakes or plant reptiles, have always been in the center stage of attraction to botanist, horticulturists and nature lovers since ancient times. This fascinating group of pteridophytes is distributed in the Himalaya, Western Ghats, and Vindhya, hilly areas of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh as well as in the Aravalli, particularly in Mount Abu in Rajasthan2 . Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn is a graceful delicate fern of damp places, found chiefly in the western Himalayas, ascending to an altitude of 2,400 m, and extending into Manipur. It is common in Punjab, Bihar, Maharashtra, and south India. It grows among rocks and on walls3, 4 . Theophrastus (327-287B.C.) and Dioscorides (100A.D.) have referred to medicinal attributes of certain ferns. Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn is one such fern whose medicinal values have long been mentioned by Sushrata and Charaka5 . Taxonomical Classification6 Kingdom : Plantae Division : Pteridophyta Class : Pteridopsida Order : Pteridales Family : Adiantaceae Genus : Adiantum Species : cappilus- veneris Vernaculars7 Arabic : Shairuljin, Shaar-ul-jibal, Shaar-ularz Ayurvedic : Hansaaraja, hansapadi English : Maiden hair fern, Maria’s fern, Our Lady’s hair Gujarati : Hanspadi Hindi : Hansraj, Mubaraka, Pursha Kannada : Hansraj Persian : Sirsiapeshane Tamil : Seruppadai Kashmir : Dumtuli Urdu : Persia – ushan Unani : Barsioshan, Kazbaratul Ber History As early as in 100 A.C. Dioscorides described Adiantum capillus-veneris by the name of Adiavrov for having leaves serrated at the top like coriander. The Western Arabs, however, appear to use Adiantum capillus-veneris, as they call the plant Kuzburat-el bir or “coriander of the wall”, indicating a habitat where A. venestum is not found. Other Arabic names for the genus Adiantum are shaar-el-jinn i.e. “fairies hair”, shaar-el-jibal i.e. “hair of the mountains”; shaarel-fual i.e. “hair of omens”; sak-el-aswad i.e. “black stem” and Nasif-el-aswad i.e. “black veil,” Ibn Sina and other medical writers describe the drug under the name of Barsiawashan, which is the Arabic form of its Persian name Parsiawashan. It is considered to be deobstruent and resolvent, useful for clearing the primaviae of bile, and phlegmatic humors; also, expectorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, and alexipharmic properties are also ascribed to it. Used as a plaster, it is considered to be discutient, and is applied to chronic tumours of various kinds. Theophrastus mentions two kinds of Adiantum, “white” and “black,” used in making hair oil. Greek synonyms for the plant are polytrichon, calitrichon, trichomenis, and ebinotrichon8 . Geographical Distribution A native of tropical America Adiantum capillusveneris Linn found throughout the world in moist and shady places. In India it is distributed in Tamil Nadu up to 1800 meter on the mountains, Himalaya and in north India9 . Botanical Description Adiantum capillus-veneris is a delicate graceful fern. Stipes is blackish, 10-23 cm long10. Fronds bipinnate with short terminal pinna and numerous erect patent lateral ones on each side, the lowest being slightly branched; segments cuneate, 1.5-2.5 cm broad; sori borne at the roundish sinuses of the crenations, obreniform or rounded 4,5 . Pharmacological Actions and Uses in Unani Literature It has Dafe humma (antipyretic), Mulattif (demulcent), Munaffise balgham (expectorant), Mudire baul (diuretic), Mudirre haiz (emmenagogue), Muhallil (resolvent) and Mujaffif (siccative) properties11, 12. The whole herb is used as medicine in various forms like decoction, powder, paste, oil etc. in different aliments. The whole plant is used as a hair tonic. Decoction in wine is given in cases of hard tumors of spleen, liver and other viscera. The fronds are powdered and given with honey against bad cold. It is also useful in splenic pain and jaundice. It expels the stone from the kidneys and bladder. It is therapeutically used to promote diuresis. Due to its mucilaginous, pectoral and expectorant properties, its decoction is used in breathing difficulties, bronchitis, and cough. Along with vinegar and olive oil it is useful in alopecia and with the oil of Habbul Aas it is useful in maintenance of hair colour and hair loss. It is also useful in insect and dog bite9, 11, 12, 13, 14 . Ethnomedicinal Uses It is used as demulcent, expectorant, astringent, antitussive, diuretic, and emmenagogue, febrifuge and also as a hair tonic5, 15, 16, 17. In Punjab, the fronds are given with pepper as a febrifuge; pounded with honey, they are administered in catarrhal affections. They are smoked to relive cold. The dried fronds are used as a substitute for tea. The herb is used as a pectoral, and also in catarrhal affections. It is reported to be used as a hair tonic. The fern is boiled in wine or mead, and drunk in case of hard tumors in the spleen, liver and other visceras4 . Its decoction is also used to remove dandruff. Fresh leaves are boiled in water along with sugar; one cup of this decoction is taken orally twice a day for a week to treat jaundice and hepatitis15 . The fronds are chewed for the treatment of mouth blisters. Frond extract mixed with honey is used as an eye ointment18 . Physico Chemical Studies 9 Study of the powdered drug The powder is fine and a bit fluffy in texture. It is dark brownish green in colour and has no taste. The powder after being cleaned in charcoal hydrate, when observed under microscope, showed mostly fragments of leaves and petioles mostly with no distinguishing character. A very few isolated pieces of sporangial wall with characteristic transverse thickening were also visible. Occasional triangular spore tetrads were also present. Reaction of chemicals with crude powdered drug and fluorescence analysis (Table 1) are as follows: Reaction of chemicals with crude powdered drug Chemicals Observations Powder treated with water An emulsion formed Powder shaken in a test tube with water No frothing, floats partially Powder treated with 5% NaOH Turns dark chocolate brown Powder treated with 66% H2SO4 Turns dark blakish brown Powder pressed between two filter papers No oily stain appears Identity, purity, strength and assay Foreign organic matter Nil Purity 100% Physico chemical constants (%) Loss on drying at 105ºC 7.36 Solid contents 74.48 Ash values Total ash 7.81 Acid insoluble ash 4.42 Water soluble ash 0.42 Successive extractive values (%) Pet. Ether (60-80º) 4.49 Chloroform 3.03 Acetone 4.60 Ethanol 9.27 Distilled water 14.07 Phytochemical Studies 19 Nine new compounds were identified in the twenty-two isolated triterpenoids, from the fresh fronds of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn collected in Japan. The plant of Chinese and Egyptian origin were also identified with the two new triterpenoids each as 4a -hydroxyfilican- 3-one and fern-9 (11)- en-12b –o and oleanane triterpenoids; olean-12- en-3-one and olean-18-en-3-one19 . Four triterpenoidal compounds belonging to adiantane and filicane groups, isoadiantone; isoadiantol-B; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyfilicane and 3,4-dihydroxyfilicane, from the hexane fraction and three flavonoids from the ethyl acetate fraction as: quercetin , quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) were identified in Chromatographic fractionation of the alcoholic extract of the dried fronds of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The identification of the isolated compounds has been established through their physical, chemical and spectroscopic methods including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and MS 23 . Scientific Reports Antifungal Activity The water extracts and extracted phenols from gametophytes and different parts of sporophytes of, Adiantum capillus-veneris L. was investigated for its antifungal activity and found to be bioactive against Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. Antifungal activity was found to be higher in gametophytes. Among the different parts of sporophytes, immature pinnule possesses highest fungi static property20 . Antioxidant activity Antioxidant potential of leaf extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn was studied in vitro by Anil Kumar, against H2O2 induced oxidative damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Pre treatment with plant leave extract for 18 hours could effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content significantly. The results indicate that it might be due to its direct action in scavenging free radicals and thereby modulating the antioxidant defence system21 . Antibacterial activity Pradeep investigated the in vitro antibacterial activity of twelve important pteridophytes plants by disc diffusion method. The aqueous and alcoholic leaves extract of Adiantum capillusveneris Linn were found to be effective against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus strains of Bacteria. Anti inflammatory activity Alcoholic extract of A. capillus-veneris and its hexane fraction showed a significant antiinflammatory activity against formalin induced inflammation. The hexane fraction and compounds 3, 4 showed topical anti-inflammatory activity after 6 h and continued for 30 h in croton oilinduced inflammation23 . The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract of A. capillus-veneris showed significant inhibition of hind paw oedema induced by carrageenan when evaluated for its antiinflammatory activity 24 . Analgesic activity The analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of A. capillus-veneris and its fraction has been carried out by tail flick method and writhing test result showed significant analgesic activity with insignificant ulceration as compared to the standard drug 24 . Hypoglycemic activity The alcoholic extract of A. capillus-veneris showed a significant hypoglycaemic effect in OGTT using rabbit model. Started after 30 min and continued for 4 hours23 . Lithotriptic activity In vitro antilithiasic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris was evaluated by crystallization, aggregation and nucleation assays. The result showed significant inhibition of crystallization and aggregation which was further confirmed by in vivo study against Ethylene glycol (0.75%) and ammonium chloride (1%) induced Urolithiasis in male Sprague Dawley rats. Urine microscopy showed significant reduction in the number of crystals in test groups 25 .

DISCUSSION
The present review reveals that Adiantum capillusveneris Linn is used in treating various ailments. Recent ethno botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies have reported the medicinal values of Adiantum capillus and its active constituents. This review provides evidence based scientific validation to some of the therapeutic uses and actions described for Parsioshan in classical texts of Unani medicine. It is popularly used as diuretic and for the treatment of kidney stone in Unani system of medicine since long. Its pharmacological activities like anti oxidant21, anti bacterial22, anti-inflammatory24 , lithotriptic activities 25 clearly justify its therapeutic efficacy in nephrolithiasis. It is further suggested that phytochemical and pharmacological studies on some of the less known or controversial Unani drugs may be taken up on priority basis not only to scientifically validate therapeutic uses , but revive the faith and confidence of Unani practitioners in its actions to serve the large strata of the rural society.

CONCLUSION
This article briefly reviews the traditional knowledge and ethno medicinal reports on therapeutic activities of the plant Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of this plant provide a scientific basis for its therapeutic use.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

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6. www.usda.gov/java/namesearch (natural resource conservation service, USA Dept. of Agriculture. (Cited on 13-4-2012)

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8. Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D. Pharmacographia Indica vol- III. New Delhi: Srishti book Distributors; 2005. p. 624-25

9. Standardisation of single drugs of Unani medicine, part II. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1992; p.240- 47.

10. Narayan DP, Purohit S, Arun K. Sharma, Tarun K. A hand book of medicinal plants, a complete source book Jodhpur: Agrobios India; 2009. P. 17

11. Abu Sayeed BAM. Kitab al fatah fi al – tawdi (Urdu translation). Ist edi. New Delhi: Jamia Hamdard; 2007. p. 66

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14. Central council of research in Unani Medicine. Qarabadin Sarkari. 2nd edi. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2006. p. 30

15. Arsahd MA, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Khan H, Muhammad N et al., Medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis based on socio-economic documentation. African Journal of Biotechnology 2009 April 20; 8 (8): 1643-50

16. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants an illustrated dictionary. New York: Springer Science Media; 2007. p.19-20

17. Ambasta SP. The useful plants of India. New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources Council of scientific and industrial research; 2006. p. 15

18. Upreti K, Jewan SJ, Tewari LM, Joshi GC, Pangtey YPS, Tewari G. Ethno medicinal uses of pteridophytes of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttrakhan, India. Journal of American Science 2009; 5(4): 167-70

19. Takahisa N, Yoshiko M, Hideharu E, Yoko A, Kazuo M, Akihito T et al., fern constituents: Triterpenoids from Adiantum capillus-veneris . Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 50 (9): 1273-75

20. Piyali G, Mukhopadhyay R, Gupta K. Antifungal activity of the extracts and extracted phenols from gametophytes and sporophytes of two species of Adiantum. Taiwania, 2005; 50 (4): 272-83.

21. Pourmorad F, Hosseinimehr SJ, Shahabimajd N. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 2006 June; 5 (11): 1142-45.

22. Pradeep P, Leena P, Bohra Achaleshwar. In vitro antibacterial activity of fronds (leaves) of some important pteridophytes. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2010 March; 2 (2): 19-22

23. Ibrahim ZZ, Ahmed AS, Gouda YG. Phytochemical and biological studies of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2011 January 7; 1-10

24. Haider S, Nazreen S, Alam, MM, Gupta A, Hamid H, Alam MS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of hdroalcoholicextract and its various fractions from Adiantum capillus veneris Linn. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2011; 138: 741-747

25. Ahmed SA. Antilithiasic activity of Parsiaoshan in experimental models [dissertation]. Nationa Institute of Unani Medicine: RGUHS, Bangalore; 2012.

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A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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