International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(21), November, 2012

Pages: 57-63

Date of Publication: 15-Nov-2012


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PRELIMANARY STUDY OF LUNG FUNCTIONS IN ATHLETES AND NONATHLETES IN MARATHWADA REGION

Author: Meenakshi S. Sable, Shyamsunder S. Sable, U. S. Zingade, A. N. Kowale

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Aim:-The aim of this study was to compare the effect of running training on lung functions of runners and nonrunners and whether the regular exercise and training given to the runners improve the lung functions or not. Methods:-The subjects selected for this study were 40 runners and 40 nonrunners of aged 18-21 years.The mean value of Ht and Wt of runners were 167.52+_6.449 (cm), 56.55+_6.97 (kg) and that of nonrunners were 161.87+_6.44 (cm), 57.17+_9.129 (kg). Mean value of Ht in runners was more than that of nonrunners due to regular physical activity and training. There was no difference in wt in both groups.The mean values of Forced vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) at one second and Maximum voluntary ventiliation (MVV) in runners were 3.73+_0.78(L) 3.39+_0.78(L) and 120.09+_25.8(L/MIN) respectively and in nonrunners were 3.16+_0.59(L),2.98+_0.53(L) and 88.74+_28.74(L/MIN). Results:-There were significant increased in FVC, FEV1and MVV in runners than nonrunners may be due to training there is improvement in the lung functions and strengthing of respiratory of muscles

Keywords: Athletes Nonathletes FVC FEV1 MVV

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Athletics is a great fun and people of all ages can enjoy it.Running is the most natural of athletics movements and common aerobic exercise. And have a profound effect on lung functions.Several factors like Age, Height Weight, heredity, environment, diet, training, hormone status etc also contribute to the performance of sportsman(1,2).There have been many studies documenting pulmonary change following training.Wasserman et al 1995,Twisk et al 1998 who showed that following exercise athletes tend to have an increase in pulmonary capacity when compared to nonexercising individuals especially when the exercise is strenuous.This ventilatory adaptation to exercise may differ in different populations such as Black andCaucasian subjects suggested by Cerny 1987 particularly under different climatic conditions that is it may be related to ethnic and environmental factors. Lung function test provide quantitative and qualitative evaluation of pulmonary function and are therefore of definitive value in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders as well as those with obstructive and restrictive lung diseases shown by Belman andMittman 1980,Robinson and kjeldgaard 1982. The parameters used to describe lung function are the lung volumes and capacities.while the various lung volumes reflect the individuals ability to increase the depth of breathing the capacities is simply a combination of two or more lung volumes.

The aim of present study was to compare the values of lung functions in runners and nonrunners and whether the regular training in the form of running improves the lung functions in runners. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present Study was conducted on 40 Runners and40 nonrunners Aged-18-21 years .Runners selected were taking training under Sports Authority of India ,Krida prabhodini Hostel,Aurangabad for short and middle distance running event .Runners selected for this study were training themselves by running a distance of 2-3 km,two times a day for 45-60 min, 7 days a week Nonrunners selected for this study were 1st and 2nd MBBS students.They were not practicing any athletics event .Informed consent was obtained from all participants.Clinically examined to rule out any respiratory diseases .The study was conducted in Dept of Physiology, GMC, Aurangabad. The lung functions were recorded in Pulmonary function test laboratory by Body Plethysmograph (MEDGRAPHICS)USA,Elite DX-Model.Forced vital capacity(L),Forced expiratory volume at one second(L),and Maximum voluntary ventilation(L/MIN) were recorded.Statistical analysis was done for all parameters ‘p’ value was determined p> o.o5-nonsignificant,p<0.01- significant and p DISCUSSION Respiratory system is important system of human body where gaseous exchange takes place with diffusion of enormous amounts of oxygen into the blood during physical activity.It is first and furthermost organ in the body responding to change during exertional activities such as running, cycling, swimming etc.Increase in lung volumes and capacities depends upon workloads or the intensity of training programme. Many studies conducted on respiratory system following training shows linear relationship with different level of exercise programme.Odunuga et al reported that among male athletes only male shot putters had a significantly higher vital capacity than male nonathletes suggesting that intensity of sports engaged in by the athletes determines the extent of strengthening of respiratory muscles with resultant increase in lung volume and chronic exercise cause an increase in respiratory function which could be due to increased development of respiratory musculature incidental to physical training. Hagberg reported that values for static lung volume of accomplished marathoners and other endurance trained athletes were no different from those of untrained controls of comparable body size.However Cordain 1990 reported larger than normal static lung volume in swimmers and drivers when compared to normal nonathletes.This was attributed to strengthening of the inspiratory muscles as they were against additional resistance caused by weight of water that compresses the thoracic cage.Reports from other workers Onadeko et al 1976,Bjorstorm 1987 also indicates a significantly higher vital capacity in athletes compared with nonathletes. The conflicting finding may be due to genetic and ethnic factors as suggested by Lakhera and Klain 1995 who compared pulmonary function amongst athletes in different Indian populations.The lung function parameters were found to vary in different settings with results suggesting that the size of lung is governed by genetic, environmental and nutritional factors. In our study spirometric measurements i.e FEV1,FVC andMVV were found significantly high in athletes than nonathletes.The proable reason for observation could be that following training there is increased requirement of oxygen in the working muscles which stimulates the chemosensitive area located bilaterally in the medulla in turn stimulating the dorsal group of nucleus tractus solitaries which send strong signals to inspiratory group of muscles which cause forceful inspiration and expiration .Repeated forceful inspiration and expiration cause increased secretion of surfactant which decreases tension in alveoli and decreases physiological dead space this in turn manifest increased lung volume and capacities in athletes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of change/adaption of lung function in athletes who have regular exercise/trained for 2-3 hrs a day a 7 day a week and involved in sports for more than 3-4 yrs .Hence results from the present study suggest that the intensity or severity of sports engaged by athlete probably determines the extent of strengthening of respiratory muscles with resultant increase in lung volume and capacities CONCLUSION The study validates the physiological adaptions in spirometric functions of respiratory system to regular training programme.The effect of strengthening of respiratory muscles resultant increase in lung volume and capacities with improved endurance of the body following regular training is evident in a significantly increased in FVC, FEV1and MVV in athletes than nonathletes. Highlighting the importance of regular training on respiratory functions and endurance of the body ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are grateful to 2005-2006 first MBBS batch and second MBBS batch GMC, AUGANGABAD and athletes from SAi hostel Aurangabad for their support and enthusiasm

References:

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2. Dasgupta PK, Mukhopadhyay AK et al: A study of cardiopulmonary Efficiency in Different categories in Runners.Indian J Physiology Pharmac 2000;44(2):220-224.

3. Wassreman K,Gift A,Wekel HE:Lung function changes and exercise induced ventilator Responses to External Restive Loads in Normal subjects.Respiration 1995;62(4):177-184.

4. Twick IW, Staal BJ, Kemper HC et al: Tracking of lung function parameters and Logitudinal Relationship with Life style.Eur.Resp.J. 1998 ; 12(3):627-634.

5. Beiman MJ, Miman C.Ventilatory Muscle Training Improves Exercise capacity in COPD patients.AM Resp Dis.1980; 121:273-279.

6. Robison EP, Kjeldgard JM: Improvement in ventilator Muscle function with Running.J.Appl Physiol.1982; 52:1400-1405.

7. Cenry FJ.Breathing pattern during exercise in young black and Caucasian subjects.J.Appl physiology. 1987; 62(6):2220-2223.

8. Hagberg JM.Pulmonary function in young and older athletes and untrained men: ZJ Appl Physiol 1988;65:101-104.

9. Cordain L: Lung volumes and maximal respiratory pressures in collegiate swimmers and runners.Res Exer Sport 1990; 61: 70-77.

10. Onadeko BO, Fulase AO: Pulmonary function studies in Nigerian sportsman.Atr.J.Med.sci.1976; 5:291-295.

11. Bjourstrom R.L: Control of ventiliation in Elite synchronized swimmers.1987; 63:1091- 1095.

12. Lakhera SC, Kain TC: Comparison of pulmonary function amongst Ladakhi, Delhi, Varanasi and Siddhi boy athletes.J.Physiol.pharmac 1996; 39(3):255- 258.

13. Odunga AC, Jaja S: Some ventilator parameters in well trained Nigerial athletes.Nigerian Journal of physiological sci: 1989;5:7-16.

14. Williams C: Assessment of physical performance: ABC of sports Medicine.Br.Med.j.1994; 309: 180-186.

15. Pakkala A, Veerannan.A comparative study of cardiopulmonary efficiency in athletes and nonathletes.J.Indian Med Assoc.2005; 103(10):522-527.

16. Leith DE, Bradley M: Ventilatory muscle strength and Endurance Training.J Appl physiol.1976;41: 508-516.

17. Lakhera SC, Kain TC: Lung function in middle distance Adolescent Runners.Ind.j.physiol.pharmac.1994; 38(2):117-120.

18. Martin BJ.Slager JM: Ventilatory Endurance in Athletes and nonathletes.Med.sci.sports Exercise 1981; 13(1):21-26.

19. Das gupta PK, DE AK: Assessment of cardiopulmonary efficiency in Athletes and Nonathletes.Ind J Physiol Pharmac: 1991;35(4):245-248.

20. DE AK, Debnath pk, RoY DC et al: A comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and Medical students.Brit.j .sports Med.1978; 12: 93-96.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
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A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
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A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
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A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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