International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 4(21), November, 2012

Pages: 31-42

Date of Publication: 15-Nov-2012


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE SUB-URBS OF BANGALORE CITY

Author: Manjunatha S., Anilkumar B. Kote

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:The process of urbanization has far reaching impacts throughout the world in every society, particularly in Indian society. It is evidently apparent that in India the sub-urban regions are the most affected/influenced by the process of urbanization. In this paper the major aim was to explore the possible impacts of urbanization on the sub-urban regions of Indian society justifying it with the field research. Furthermore here the understanding of urbanization has been clarified since the concept of urbanization is itself in the midst of ambiguity. In the domain of urban sociology the understanding of urbanization has changed gradually with the changing impacts of urbanization. Five major sub-urban regions in Bangalore district (Karnataka, India) were taken for the field study. Review of urban studies in this paper provides a valuable base for a research in the field of urban sociology. And a significant part of the article has been devoted in discussing the problems associated with the urban planning. At the end of the study significant suggestions were made for a better planning of urban growth in India.

Keywords: Urbanization, Sub-Urbs, Urban Sociology, Urban-Rural Continuum.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. Kingsley Davis has explained urbanization as process (Davis; 1962) of switch from spread out pattern of human settlements to one of concentration in urban centres. It is a finite process: a cycle through which a nation pass as they evolve from agrarian to industrial society (Davis and Golden; 1954). The process of urbanization is not same in all the regions of the world. The process of urbanization varies from society to society, culture to culture and region to region. Thus, here in Indian society the process of urbanization has its own uniqueness and exclusiveness. In Indian society process of urbanization differs from western society‘s process or urbanity due to many reasons. The process of urbanization in India is not a new phenomenon and it has a history of thousands of years. India has a long experience of urban communities through the ages of Indus Valley civilization. Studying urban communities and urbanization has been a major domain in the field of sociology since its origin as a separate discipline. But the understanding of urbanization has changed gradually with the changing impacts of urbanization around the academic setting. Furthermore, today urbanization connecting with globalization has far reaching impacts on Indian society, particularly on its sub-urban regions. India shares most characteristic features of urbanization in the developing countries. However, at the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. Number of urban agglomeration/town has grown 1821 in 1901 to 5161 in 2001. Number of total population has increased from 23.84 crores in 1901 to 122 crores in 2012 whereas number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 37 crores in 2012. As I already stated earlier urbanization in India has been relatively slow compared to many other developing countries. The percentage of annual exponential growth rate of urban population reveals that in India it grew at faster pace from the decade 1921-31 to until 1951. Thereafter it registered a sharp drop during the decade 1951-61. The decades of 1961-71 and 1971-81 showed a significant improvement in the growth which has thereafter steadily dropped to the present level 2.7. The sharp drop in urban rate during 1951-61 was mainly due to declassification of a very large number of towns during that period. In India urban growth can be attributed to mainly three components: 1) Natural increase, 2) Net migration, 3) Areal reclassification. It is very clear that the process of urbanization is not merely ?migration lead? but a product of demographic explosion due to natural increase. People migrate to cities not due to urban pull but due to rural push. In Indian society there are some areas which are too far to conclude as village and too tough to add into the category of urban. Hence which are called as sub-urban areas? In Indian society we can see many such types of areas, where people share both cultures and represent urban and rural life styles. This new emerging phenomenon has to be dealt with a systematic research. This kind of research will be having greater significance for the better future life. For many reasons I have chosen Bangalore sub-urban region to examine the prepositions, which were stated earlier in this paper. This unique process has dual impact on society and it involves pros and cons. These problems can be tackled by a well planned urban setting. Hence, the present study on ?Urbanization and its impact on the sub-urbs of Bangalore city? is precisely looking at the process and forces that drive the phenomena of urbanization. Many scholars have recognized that cities provide exclusive opportunities for growth, development in general, entrepreneurship, creativity, and the generation of wealth, in particular. It is just a single face of the duality. Another face includes a host of intractable problems, often accompany rapid urban growth. Kasarda and Parnell note below that; ?… high rates of unemployment and underemployment as urban labour markets are unable to absorb the expanding number of job seekers, soaring urban poverty, insufficient shelter, inadequate sanitation, inadequate or contaminated water supplies, air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation, congested streets, overloaded public transportation systems, and municipal budget crises.? In the light of these complexities, this study is not per se, a mere exploration of built form as archive of the city – that is as a repository of its history – but of a notion of city-as-archive, and it is an attempt to understand the nature of contemporary cities by the process of urbanization, as the city transforms into a global city, with its fast moving generation. The present study was aimed at conducting a field research based study to explore the possible impacts of urbanization on the suburban regions in Indian society. Furthermore it was also sought to test the theoretical model in the light of empirical data. In today‘s world everything has to be planned and the same holds good in the case of urbanization. Urban planning is most needed in the country. History has taught us the worst impacts of urban growth. And some empirical studies too suggested the need for a planned urban growth. Thus, the present study has explored the processes of urban transformation – both physical and symbolic – taking place in the Indian cities today. The rapid urbanization of human society in post modernization era has certainly wide scope for the study.

Theoretical Explanation of Urbanization Many of the early sociologists had a fascination with the city and urban life. The classical sociologists Max Weber wrote a book called ?The City? in which he traced the conditions that made modern capitalism possible back to the medieval, Western city. Other early theorists were more concerned with the way in which the development of the city changed the social as well as the physical environment. The work of Georg Simmel and Ferdinand Tonnies provided two of the most important early contributions to urban sociology (Giddens, Anthony, 1993; 895). A number of writers associated with the University of Chicago from the 1920s to the 1940s, especially Robert Park, Ernest Burgess and Louis Wirth, developed ideas which were for many years the chief basis of theory and research in urban sociology. Two concepts developed by the Chicago School are worthy of special attention. One is the so-called ecological approach in urban analysis; the other is the characterization of urbanization as a way of life, developed by Wirth (Wirth 1938; Park 1952). The ecological approach has been as important for the empirical research it has helped to promote as for its value as a theoretical perspective. Many studies, both of cities and of particular neighbourhoods, have been prompted by ecological thinking, concerned, for example, with the process of ?invasion‘ and ?succession‘ mentioned above. However, various criticisms can justifiably be made. The ecological perspective tends to underemphasize the importance of conscious design and planning in city organization, regarding urban development as a ?natural‘ process. The models of spatial organization developed by Park, Burgess and their colleagues were drawn from American experience, and fit only some types of city in the United States, let alone cities in Europe, Japan or the developing world. Wirth‘s thesis of urbanism as a way of life is concerned less with the internal differentiation of cities than with what urbanism is as a form of social existence. Although for a period the urban ecology approach fell into disrepute, it was later revived and elaborated in the writings of a number of authors, particularly Amos Hawley (1950, 1968). Rather than concentrating on competition for scarce resources, as his predecessors had done, Hawley emphasized the interdependence of different city areas. Differentiation—the specialization of groups and occupational roles—is the main way in which human beings adapt to their environment. Groups on which many others depend will have a dominant role, often reflected in their central geographical position. But the zones which develop in urban areas, Haweley points out, arise from relationships not just of space, but of time. Business dominance, for example, is expressed not only in patterns of land use, but also in the rhythm of activities in daily life – an illustration being the rush hour. Claude Fischer (1984) has put forward an interpretation of why large-scale urbanism tends actually to promote diverse subcultures, rather than swamp everyone within an anonymous mass. Those who live in cities, he points out, are able to collaborate with others of similar backgrounds of interest to develop local connections; and they can join distinctive religious, ethnic, political and other sub cultural groups. A small town or village does not allow the development of such sub cultural diversity. Those who form ethnic communities in cities, for instance, might have little or no knowledge of one another in their land of origin. When they arrive, they gravitate to areas where others from a similar linguistic and cultural background are living and new sub community structures are formed. More recent theories of urbanism have stressed that it is not an autonomous process, but has to be analyzed in relation to major patterns of political and economic change. The two leading writers in urban analysis, David Harvey (1973, 1982, 1985) and Manuel Castells (1977, 1983), have both been strongly influenced by Marx. Drawing on broadly Marxist ideas, David Harvey1 has argued that urbanism is one aspect of the created environment brought about by the spread of industrial capitalism. In traditional societies, city and countryside were clearly differentiated. In the modern world, industry blurs the division between city and countryside. Agriculture becomes mechanized and is run simply according to considerations of price and profit, just like industrial work, and this process lessens the differences in modes of social life between urban and rural people. In modern urbanism, Harvey points out, space is continually restricted. The process is determined by where large firms choose to place their factories, research and developmental centres and so forth; by the controls asserted by governments over both land and industrial production; and by the activities of private investors, buying and selling houses and land. After the Second World War, for instance, there was a vast expansion of suburban development in major cities in the United States. This was partly due to ethnic discrimination and the tendency of whitest move away from inner-city areas. However, it was only made possible, Harvey argues, because of government decisions to provide tax concessions to home buyers and construction firms, and by the setting up of special credit arrangements by financial organizations. These provided the basis for the building and buying of new homes on the peripheries of cities, and at the same time promoted demand for industrial products such as the motorcar. In England, the growth in size and prosperity of towns and cities in the south in the post-war period is directly connected to the decline of older industries in the north, and the consequent movement of investment to new industrial opportunities. Like Harvey, Castells stresses that the spatial form of a society is closely linked to the overall mechanisms of its development. To understand cities, we have to grasp the processes whereby spatial forms are created and transformed. The layout and architectural features of cities and neighbourhoods express struggles and conflicts between different groups in society. In other words, urban environments represent symbolic and spatial manifestations of brooders social forces. For example, skyscrapers may be built because they are expected to provide profit, but the giant buildings also symbols the power of money over the city through technology and self confidence and are the cathedrals of the period of rising corporate capitalism (Castells; 1983). In contrast to the Chicago sociologists, Castells sees the city not only as a distinct location the urban area but as an integral part of processes of collective consumption, which in turn are an inherent aspect of industrial capitalism. The views of Harvey and Castells have been widely debated, and their work has been important in redirecting urban analysis. In contrast to the ecologists‘ approach, it puts emphasis not on natural spatial processes, but on how land and the created environment reflect social and economic systems of power. This marks a significant shift of emphasis. Yet the ideas of Harvey and Castells are often stated in a highly abstract way, and have not stimulated such a large variety of research studies compared with the work of the Chicago School. In some ways, the views set out by Harvey and Sastells and those of the Chicago School usefully complement each other, and can be combined to give a comprehensive picture of urban processes. The contrasts between city areas described in urban ecology do exist, as does the overall impersonality of city life. But these are more variable than the members of the Chicago School believed, and are primarily governed by the social and economic influences analyzed by Harvey and Castells. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Urban Sociology in India is a major contribution to urban studies. Urban studies have evoked much interest in Historical and comparative perspectives. Research in urban sociology in India is still in infancy although the nation has the best census records of any country going back to 1901 and consequently provides excellent data for planning and various programmes. In an early overview of studies of Indian urbanism, Satish Sabarwal rightly remarked that this terrain has until recently remained singularly devoid of intellectual landmark. In the early 1950‘s following a UNESCO study on migration into India cities, the topic of urbanization did gain a separate space within the Indian Sociological Association and the Indian Economic Association. Major inputs for urban studies came from the profile sponsored by this planning commission of 20 major Indian cities. Indeed well articulated demographic profile of Indian cities at National, regional and local levels among the first contributions to urban studies. Other comparative studies were conducted under the aegis of Research Programmes Committee. Hoselitz (1961) studied the cities of Calcutta, Kanpur and Jamshedpur. Pethe (1962) compared the socio-economic conditions of Hyderabad, Poona, Sholapur, Baroda, Hublic, Cuttack, and Puri to indicate the overall levels of inequalities between the different strata in the communities. Bulsara (1964) also made a comparative study of four metropolises, i.e., Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, and Madras. All these studies are very useful but are lacking in analysis. Kosambi (1994) conducted the third survey of literature on urban studies covering the period from 1979 to 1988 and reviewed 900 items including books and articles culled from about 50 journals and printed doctoral theses, which appeared during the period 1979 to 1988 in India and elsewhere. This number itself is an indication of growth of literature in the field because D‘Souza reviewed only 250 and 350 items for the first and second survey, respectively. During the eighties, there were many studies on urbanization patterns and trends, but issues pertaining to metropolitization and regional planning remained inadequately explored. Migration studies also highlighted the all-India trends as well as regional variations in terms of male and female socioeconomic differences. The spatial structure of cities has not been systematically explored and theoretical contributions in the field were relatively meagre. Among the various urban problems, there was some fresh thinking on the concept of urban poverty. As in the eighties, studies on different aspects of slums and squatter settlements received due attention (Misra and Gupta; 1981, Rao and Rao; 1984, Jha; 1986). Kosambi also found that a set of definitive theoretical statements about the urban impact on the traditional institutions or about the important relationship between the caste and class in urban areas was lacking. During the eighties, sociologists still favoured sample surveys with interview schedules and questionnaires; social anthropologists continued to prefer the study of small communities; while demographers, economists, and geographers used sophisticated quantitative techniques in analysis the data. The sociologists, by and large, shied away from the advanced statistical methods. As in the eighties, urban studies remained attractive for scholars during the nineties. The National Commission on Urbanization (NCU) report, published in five volumes, highlighted the problems of urbanization at the grassroots, substate and state levels. This decade has also seen some valuable studies on slums and squatter settlements such as: Kaldate; 1989, Dhadave; 1989, Sandhu; 1989, Rao R. N; 1990, Das; 1993, Desai; 1995, De wit; 1996, Purewal; 2000, Lobo and Das; 2001. In addition to this, many other publications appeared as conferences and seminars volumes on different aspects of urbanization such as human settlements, urban poor and sustainability of human settlements. Some of the important works are Mohanty; 1993, Didde and Rangaswamy; 1993, Roy and Das Gupta; 1995, Kundu; 2000, Sandhu et al.; 2001, Sharma and Sita; 2001. A few significant studies of the villages near a town, city or metropolis in India reveal changes in their social and economic structure, which approximate to some of the characteristics of the fringe society—A.R. Beal‘s study of Hattarahalli, a village near Bangalore, and T.S. Trent‘s study of Namhalli, a village near a sugar factory town in Mysore (see Srinivas; 1956), Chapekar‘s (1954) study of Badlapur, a village near Kalyan; Acharya‘s (1956) study of four villages around Nasik; and Kapadia‘s (1956) study of five impact villages around Navsari. Following extensive research in the most ill-famed slum of Calcutta, India - Anand Nagar, i.e. ?city of joy? – the journalist turned writer quite simply but compellingly carries us through the life stories of several slum dwellers, often through their own words. The study concerns the trials and tribulations of people who are living in Calcutta (Kolkata), India. Kovalski is trying to help and understand life in the slum called Anand Nagar (City of Joy) and the life of rickshaw puller, Hasari Pal (the sufferer). Mumford in his book 'The city in history' (1961 Harcourt, Brace and World (New York) sees cities as enlarging all dimensions of life as the scattered as the scattered activities of society are brought together so releasing the energies of mankind in a tremendous explosion of creativity. The city has augmented capabilities for participation and widened the basis of personal experience. In the writings of Neo-Marxists like Mills, Marcuse, there is a consensus that conditions of capitalist urbanization are mutilative of the personality, inhibitive of community formation, destructive of social engagement or involvement and conducive to apathy, alienation and anomie. Class consciousness is inhibited and diverted in mass movements, unreason and not reason typifies social response. Sociologists from Tonnies to Wirth developed counter-theory to Marxism for the explication of social change led to acceptance of a fundamental cleavage between rural and urban, tradition and modernism which was in sharp opposition to any variant on Marxist theories of development. The urban is accepted as a frame of reference and the urban society as a specific mode of social organization becomes the object of scientific study. Tonnies in his book Community and Society (2002) explained the impact of the market economy on traditional forms of social association; the implications of urbanization and the development of the state for the conduct of social life and the mechanisms of social solidarity in an individualized society. The distinction he draws between the two forms of human association, gemeniscaft and gesellschaft has become the basis for a succession of typologies of which the best known are the pattern variables formulated by Parsons and folk-urban typology drawn by Redfield and Wirth. George Simmel (1903) presents social interaction in terms of abstract categories. The study of society could only proceed by means of logical analysis of the forms of association. The forms are cognitive categories. Simmel belonged to the neoKantian tradition which frankly denies the possibility of the study of the natural or the social world without selection and ordering by the observer. Simmel was trying to expound on three themes; first the consequences of a money economy for social relationships. Second the significance of numbers for social life and lastly the scope for the maintenance of independence and individuality against the sovereign powers of society. ?Urbanization and Some Social Problems‘, D. Narain (1960) makes a distinction between the existence of cities and urbanization as a dynamic force in a society. He considers that the real history of urbanization begins from 1800 A. D. Europe and America underwent the most profound changes known in history and emerged as qualitatively new societies; they also influenced urbanization in Asia. Urbanization in Asian countries is an outgrowth of colonialism and the process is now subjected to central planning and governmental intervention as against its operation through the free market in Europe. Asia is less urbanized than any continent, excluding Africa. In 1950, about 13 percent of Asia‘s population lived in cities of 20,000 or more, as compared to 9 percent in Africa. Cities have been seen in the wider context of history of civilization by many scholars, such as G. Botero A.F. Weber, Spengler, Toynbee, Geddes, Mumford and Wirth. While Betero and Weber sought more specific causes and conditions for the growth of cities in different civilizations. Spengler and Toynbee generally considered world history in terms of city history. Geddes viewed the city as a mirror of civilizations. Mumford and Ghurye have elaborated this idea in different historical contexts. Wirth also maintained that the history of civilizations should be written in terms of the history of cities and that the city was the symbol of civilizations. An attempt has been made in the study to place urban sociology in India in the wider context of problems and perspectives of urban studies. It has a detailed analysis on 1) Theoretical problems, 2) Historical aspects. 3) Demographic and ecological aspects 4) Immigrant communities and Neighbourhood 5) Social stratification and mobility. 6) Marriage and family 7) Religion 8) Polity and 9) Urban influence on rural life. Slums and urbanization ed. by A R Desai and S. Devadas Pillai is another pioneer study on urbanization with the rapid pace with urbanization taking place in the developing countries, slums have become an alarming reality. From Bermuda to  manila almost every city is dotted with slums. This book indeed focus attention on this desperate problem by a careful arrangement of extracts and papers representing different points of view, sometimes conflicting with each other but essentially dealing with certain crucial issues underlying the urban process. Now it is possible that the exclusive and misplaced emphasis on such factors as the growth of size and density of population in defining the situation as urban may lead one to develop a sort of demographic argument in urban sociology, and in India this seems to be in the writings of Ashis Bose (1965; 1970a; 1970); and G.S. Ghurye (1962). It is also dominant in the studies of changes in the urban population of India done by Davis (1962) as well as Bogue and Zachariah (1962). However, it must be pointed out here that in exploring the intricacies of India‘s urban ecology, rich dividends are more likely to be obtained by the analysis of patterns of residence of Indian cities by income, education, occupation, caste, and religion. Such pioneering studies were already made by D. R. Gadgil in his Poona surveys (1945; 1952) as well as the resurvey of the same city done by Sovani, Apte and Pendse (1956). The more specific socio-economic-cum-social-ecological analysis of the city of Poona is done by Surinder K. Mehta (1968; 496-508) with statistical sophistication unmatched by other studies. In the same way, I P Desai (1964) in his studies of the city of Poona as well as Mahuva a town in Saurashtra, makes similar observation regarding the continuity traditional structures. This leads us to support A. M. Shah‘s suggestion that one of the most fruitful approaches in this case would be to examine the developmental process of households, both progressive and regressive which is assumed to be operative in the villages, towns, and we believe, the cities of India. Only a few studies analyze urban neighbourhood in India, as in many cases most of one‘s neighbours may be one‘s kin, as shown by Vatuk, Gandhi, and Chatterjee. And where the non-kin are found to reside as neighbours, most of them may be members of the same caste or sub-caste. This is also noted by Lynch (1967: 143) in his study of Agra city which he found to be ?divided into well over 200 mohallas or bastis (?neighbourhoods,‘ ?wards‘). One of the first continuities with village organization…is the tendency towards residential segregation by caste and caste groups within those mohallas or bastis… The mohallas of the Jatavs tend to be either dominated or completely occupied by them. Sujatha Patel and Kushal Debe‘s Urban Studies (2009), using inter-disciplinary approach, this volume examine aspects of diverse urban life including life in the city and industrialization. It also discusses issues of urban planning, slums, health and sanitation. The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore‘s 20th century by Janaki Nair: (2005) Bangalore‘s recent emergence as a metropolis and its internationally acknowledged status as India‘s Silicon Valley have made it known the world over. While providing a well-researched perspective on the city, this book analyses how it has been shaped by the ideologies and principles of planning, instrumentalities of law, and by the mobilization of ?City Beautiful‘ aesthetics. It also discusses the unanticipated uses of space that fashion a city quite different from the one envisaged by planners and technocrats, revealing ways in which citizenship and democracy are being reconceptualized. This study is massively researched and lucidly written, it presents a critical history of the making and unmaking of modern Bangalore. The book explores certain historical themes, particularly the legacies of the past that have gained legibility in the contemporary city, focusing in particular on its divided history. The fifty years since Independence are disused in terms of the success with which they overcome divisions marked by the nation, the region, and the global capital. The chapter concludes on the note that Bangalore ‘has suffered from the general neglect of urban studies in social science disciplines’, even though select works have been carried out by Noel Gist, Venkatrayappa, R L Singh, Prakasa Rao, VK Tewari and James Manor. In conclusion of this critical evaluation of the urban studies in India, it must be emphasized that although the Western theories of urban society have some applicability to the India urban situation, as in the case of urban social stratification, the dichotomous tradition emphasizing rural-urban contrasts would be of little value. Since marriage, kinship, family and religion in urban India exhibit certain specific structural and cultural characteristics of their own, neither the Western theories of urban society nor the hypothesis derived from them could be valuable in understanding, interpreting and analyzing those institutions. But the social structure of urban India is continuously under the pressure of internal as well as external forces of change. The task before the urban sociologist of India is to formulate more meaningful hypothesis, based on the intimate knowledge of the Indian urban situation, concerning continuities and change of its various structural elements.

METHODOLOGY
This paper attempts to understand the impacts of urbanization on the sub-urban regions of Indian society. For the said purpose, field research was carried out in five significant area of Bangalore south district of Karnataka State, India. The primary field sites for the research are Konanakunte, Yediur, Marenahalli, Uttarahalli, Doddakallasandra, in Bangalore, because they are considered to be the most important centre recently for several reasons which provide richer comparative data. The research strategy was primarily qualitative aimed at producing in-depth knowledge about the topics investigated, although quite a reasonable survey of inhabitants of migrated population was also designed to generate some amount of quantitative data. Altogether, 300 people have been interviewed who were living in these areas. In addition to that we spent maximum number of days in observing the actual living practices, environment, work practices, meetings, social events, and the like, with various community organizations which added substantially to the archive of research material collected. Along with semi-structured interviews were framed with coolie workers and construction workers whose economic profiles were still at the marginal or subsistent level. A combination of ethnographic and sociological methods has been adopted, including a questionnaire-based survey, in-depth interviews, group discussions, participant-observation, and documentary research. Bangalore is the principal administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka. Bangalore city has been growing rapidly over the period of time. In 1946 the area of Bangalore had been limited to 69 sq. km, but soon after 1963 it has got momentum and increased till 112. At present BBMP (Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike) covers 741 sq. km. Along with its population, Bangalore city is also growing at a quicker pace. According to Bangalore Metro Population World Gazetteer, in 2011 Bangalore‘s population is 78 lakh. In 1901 it was only 1 lakh and in 1951 it was increased to 5 lakh. The above said over all data clearly explains the tremendous process of urbanization. Hence, impact of urbanization on the Bangalore city prevails existing changes. This study examines such implications of urbanization on Bangalore city in general and on the sub-urbs of south Bangalore in particular. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present study was placed to explore the impacts of urbanization on the sub-urbs of Bangalore city. In doing so, the study has endeavoured to analyze the socio-economic composition of Bangalore city and test the existing theoretical models regarding urban growth with special reference to five sub-urbs of Bangalore city: Konanakunte, Yediur, Marenahalli, Uttharahalli and Doddakalasandra. This section briefly examines the major implications of the process of urbanization on the above stated suburban regions. There is no doubt that urbanization plays an important role in the process of ?development‘ of any country and sub-urbs are more influenced by the process of urbanization than any other region. It is evidently found in this study. Among these sub-urbs though nuclear families are increasing the existence of joint families are also common and there is a decline in agricultural occupation but animal husbandry, coolies and construction work remained as a major occupation. In these sub-urban regions the impact of urbanization is felt from last ten years. Though caste underwent certain modification, here people believe caste is very important in their daily dayto-day activities. Marriage, caste associations and political parties are being used as weaponry for the protection of caste identity by the people of these regions. Comparing with rural regions in these sub-urban regions the status of women has largely improved. However, these sub-urban people also celebrate village festivals every year just like in villages. Here with reference to migration of the respondents push and pull factors play an important role. From the above findings it is clear that both characteristics of urban and rural do exist in these sub-urban regions. Hence the concept of rural-urban continuum can be evidently found here. In these regions economic planning and state intervention have come to be accepted as the best strategies for the promotion of overall economic growth and development for raising the general levels of living. As stated earlier, from the first five year plan to the current five year plans are based on certain fundamental principles which are the basic policies setting up priorities in the development of different sectors of the economy. Therefore, instead of the crazy idea of conversion of Bangalore into Singapore, the policy makers and urban planners should respect the location- specificity and capabilities of the city of Bangalore and promote its growth and development if not as an ?ideal city‘ which means ?a city without slums, traffic congestion, house and ground congestion, air and water pollution, and with population growth matching the requirements like housing, health, education, and the people living in an attractive urban environment at a cost which a city can bear‘, but, ?as a city of profound aesthetic and environment culture with a balanced urban ecosystem in terms of land use, infrastructure and human beings belonging to various socioeconomic strata‘. As a matter of fact, the system of iron clad inequalities of wealth, income and opportunities had led the framers of the constitution to include among the directives principles of state policy, a provision which says that ?in economic sphere, the State is to direct its policy in such a manner as to secure distribution of ownership and control of material resources of community to sub serve the common good and to ensure that operation of economic system does not result in concentration of wealth and means of production to common detriment.? All the five year plans have been emphasizing this very objective and some social legislations have been enacted to reduce inequalities, disparities. But very little success seems to have been achieved, and gaps between the rich and the poor continue to grow. The public is no longer enamoured with slogans alone. India has failed to achieve the declared goals as enumerated in the constitution and the various documents of the five year plans. It has not raised the level of living for the masses; it has not reduced the vast inequalities of income; it has not prevented further concentration of wealth; and it has not liquidated widespread unemployment. By 2031, India will have the larger urban population of about 350 million in the world; and it is projected that cities of one million-plus population will increase to about 35 containing almost 40 percent of the total urban population which may reach nearly 150 million. Actually, it may be admitted that the whole India is blighted by slums, shanty towns and squatter settlements where living conditions are not merely poor but deplorable. The problem of footpath dwellers whose number has increased to several million is another dimension of the poor. Such problems in metropolitan cities are becoming more severe and acute partly because of the continuous flow or rural migration and relatively high urban fertility rates, and partly because of the existing shortages in housing and infrastructural facilities. The task of improving metropolitan cities is really the task of housing the poor and development of overall employment opportunities. This presents a great challenge which is complex and staggers human imagination. Apart from the long term national policies for the development of rural areas more intensively to stabilize rural population and urban policies to redistribute migrants to small and medium cities, short term programs and strategies are needed for the massive construction of several millions of new housing units consisting of one or two rooms with a kitchen and a bath which are in the jurisdictions of the existing metropolitan cities. Hence, the future city of Bangalore should look like, a city with a balanced vertical and horizontal growth having greenery all around interspersed with well planned self-contained residential neighbourhoods, infrastructure and services with minimum travel needs. Since, any city for that matter cannot function alone in isolation with its immediate region; Bangalore should be developed along with its region to maintain the city-region symbiosis. The functional reality of the region as an agricultural region is disrupted due to imposed demand by real estate. As a result, rural inhabitants of the region are forced to leave their traditional occupation of agriculture, and settle down as ?so called urban residents‘ with a hope that some policy interventions will provide them a decent future. In fact, Bangalore is already experiencing this problem more seriously. May be as a component of the city-region development, the government of Karnataka has also proposed to develop a few satellite towns around Bangalore probably with an intention to siphon-off the existing as well as future population pressure likely to experience by the city. However, these satellite towns should be planned as self-contained units with least dependence on the city which is restricted to specialized commercial, health and administrative services. Hence, for the planned development of the city of Bangalore and its region together, the existing planning institutions like BDA (Bangalore Development Authority) and BMRDA (Bangalore Metro Railway Development Authority) have to work together with proper coordination to achieve the sustainable city-region development. Ultimately, such a dream city with a well-balanced city-region system is possible only with the combined efforts of dedicated stake holders such as urban planners, policy makers, non-government organizations, and more significantly the citizens of Bangalore. Thus in this way the process of urbanization affects the sub-urbs and growth of cities also affects the villages near cities and absorption of villages into a city is eminent and a city like Bangalore is gradually changing itself and other areas. CONCLUSION For the better planning of urban growth governmental agencies should take steps to bring in planning, housing, financial, regulatory, institutional and legal reforms and devise macroeconomic policies to enable flow of resources to the housing and infrastructure sector by encouraging private investment in housing, one of advanced technology to build low cost houses. For doing they should evolve plans, strategies and parameters for optimal use of available resources including land for sustainable development and devise action plans for the provision and creation of adequate infrastructure facilities like water sources, connectivity and power supply. Governmental bodies should also develop and enforce appropriate ecological standards to protect the environment and provide a better quality of life in human settlements. They must continue and pursue urban reforms with a focus on revision of bye-laws, municipal laws, simplification of legal and procedural framework, initiation of partnership, reduction of municipal manpower, introduction of property title, introduction of regulators, implementation of urban street vendor policy, etc. So far there are many social scientists who do believe in clear contrast between rural and urban. But this research work has provided a different analysis from earlier studies. Throughout this study the main assumption has been contested that rural-urban terms are not independent but rather complementary.

References:

1. Abraham C.M. (1983) Growth and Structure of Urban Settlements in Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Singh, Kamaldeo Narain (1978) Urban Development In India (Abhinav Publications; New Delhi)

2. Bose Ashish (1968) Six Decades of Urbanization in India M.S.A. Rao (Ed.) Urban Sociology in India, (Routledge and Kegan Paul; London)

3. Bopegamage A (1957) Delhi: A Study in Urban Sociology, (Bombay: University of Bombay)

4. Berry Brian J.L. and John D. Kasarda. (1977) Contemporary Urban Ecology (New York: Macmillan)

5. Bharadwaj R.K. (1974) Urban Development In India (Delhi: National Publishing House)

6. Chandler T. (1987) Four thousand years of urban growth: An historical census (Lewiston ME: St. David‘s University)

7. Chelliah Raja J. and Om Prakash Mathur (1993) Reforms in the Urban Sector: Some Perspectives (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy New Delhi) 

8. Desai A R S Devadas Pillai (1970) Slums and urbanization? (Popular Prakashan Bombay)

9. Ghurye G. S. (1962) Cities and civilization? (Popular Prakashan; Bombay)

10. Gold Harry (2002) ?Urban Life and Society Upper Saddle River (New Jersey: Prentice Hall)

11. Gupta Giri Raj (editor) (1983) Urban India (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd)

12. Hasan Fazlul (1970) Bangalore Through The Centuries? Historical Publications

13. Janaki N. (2005) The promise of the metropolis: Bangalore's twentieth century? (New Delhi: Oxford University Press)

14. Mayur Rashmi (1981) Urbanization in India in the Year 2000 A.D. in Bhargava Gopal (editor) Urban Problems and Policy Perspectives (New Delhi: Abhinav Publications)

15. Palen John J. (2002) ?The Urban World? 6th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education)

16. Park R. E. Burgess and R. McKenzie eds. [1925] 1967 The City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1-80

17. Patrich Geddes (1915) Cities in Evolution? (Williams and Norgate)

18. Pocock D. (1960) Sociologies: urban and rural in Contributions to Indian Sociology 4 63-81 Sen L. K. (ed.) (1972) Readings on micro level planning

19. Rao M.S.A. (1974) ed.Urban Sociology in India (Orient Longman; Hyderabad)

20. Simmel G. [1902] 1950 The Metropolis and Mental Life. In The Sociology of Georg Simmel edited by K. Wolff (New York: Free Press) 409-424

21. Toennies F. [1887] 1963 Community and Society (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft) New York: Harper and Row 12-29 and 33-102

22. W. Burgess and Roderick D. McKenzie (1925) The City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

23. Weber M. (1966) The City (New York: Free Press) 65-89 24. Wirth L. (1938) Urbanism as a Way of Life American Journal of Sociology 44:1-24

25. Wright Henry C. (1916) The American City: An Outline of Its Development and Functions Chicago

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions