International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 4(22), November, 2012

Pages: 127-132

Date of Publication: 24-Nov-2012


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE DIFFERENT METHODS FOR THE RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA

Author: Aparna Y. Takpere, Vinod S. Kamble, Rajni Yadav, Prashant K. Parandekar, Sanjay Wavare

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Rapid screening methods like Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) and Antigen detection assay- pLDH (plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase) and HRP2 (Histidine rich protein 2) as compared to Peripheral smear examination in the rapid diagnosis of malaria. Methodology: A total of 137 samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of malaria during May2010 to July 2010 and malaria microscopy with Leishman stained smears, QBC and antigen detection test (pLDH and HRP2) was done. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated. Z test was applied to find out the difference between any two tests. Results: Of the total number of samples, 28 were positive; out of which 19 (13.87%) samples were positive by peripheral smear, 28 (20.44%) were positive by QBC and 21 (15.33%) by antigen detection tests. 19 were positive by both QBC and Peripheral smear and 109 were negative by both. QBC detected additional 09 positive cases which were negative on peripheral smear. 19 were positive by both Antigen test and peripheral smear, but antigen test detected 02 additional positive cases than peripheral smear. The QBC test was 100% sensitive, 92.37% specific with Positive Predictive Value of 67.86% and Negative Predictive Value of 100%.The antigen test was 84.21% sensitive, 95.76% specific with Positive Predictive Value of 76.19% and Negative Predictive Value of 97.47%. Out of 25 P. vivax positive cases, 16 were positive by peripheral smear and 16 were positive by Antigen test. Out of 05 positive cases of P.falciparum by Antigen test only 03 were positive by peripheral smear and 03 were positive by QBC. Among the peripheral smear negative cases, QBC could detect additional 09 cases out of 11 cases i.e. 81.81%. Conclusion: We did not find any significant difference between Peripheral smear and Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) and Peripheral smear and Antigen detection assay. Quantitative buffy coat is advantageous where work load is high, but is costly and gives false positive report. Antigen detection test is useful when microscopy is not available and immediate clinical diagnosis is required especially for P. falciparum cases, but gives false positive results even after treatment. Both the methods cannot replace microscopic method for identification of species and for determination of parasitaemia.

Keywords: Quantitative buffy coat (QBC), Peripheral smear, pLDH (plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase), HRP 2 (Histidine rich protein 2), malarial parasite.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Malaria presents a diagnostic challenge to the medical community worldwide (1). Resurgence has occurred in many parts of the globe due to insecticide and drug resistance, social instability and non-availability of anti-malarial vaccine (2) . Non-specific nature of the symptoms and signs of malaria results in mis-treatment; both overtreatment with anti-malarial agents and undertreatment of patients with non-malarial illnesses. (3)According to the World Malaria Report released in 2006 by the World Health Organisation, there were 247 million malaria cases, 3.3 billion people at risk and 8, 81,000 deaths from 109 countries. In 2008, India had an estimated 1.52 million malaria cases accounting for 60% of cases in the WHO South East Asian Region. (4) Due to the serious nature of P. falciparum infections, prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective malaria management (1). The commonly employed method for the diagnosis of malaria include microscopic examination of Romanowsky stained blood films (5) which is labour-intensive, time consuming and requires experienced microscopist for accurate identification and its sensitivity decreases in parallel with the density of malarial parasites in blood.(6,) Newer techniques such as hybridisation with DNA probes are too sophisticated for routine use in the field. (7) In recent years, numerous quick and new techniques like Fluorescent staining (QBC) and Antigen detection tests detecting parasite antigens like Histidine rich protein -2 (HRP-2), Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and PAN specific aldolase have been developed.(1,5) WHO has recently reiterated “the urgent need for simple and cost effective diagnostic tests for malaria to overcome the deficiencies of (both) light microscopy” and clinical diagnosis. (3) So the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Rapid screening methods like QBC and Antigen detection assay (pLDH and HRP2) as compared to Peripheral smear examination in the rapid diagnosis of malaria.

METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Shri. B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bijapur. Karnataka. India from May 2010 to July 2010. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study. Study Type: It was an observational and analytical type of study. Statistical test: Z test. Inclusion criteria: A total of 137 samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of malaria of all the age groups in both the sexes attending our hospital and for whom malaria microscopy or QBC or antigen detection test had been requested. Exclusion criteria: Patients already on antimalarial drugs were excluded from the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical committee before starting the project. Informed and written consent was obtained from all the patients. The detailed history, clinical signs and symptoms were recorded in the proforma. 2ml venous blood was collected under aseptic precautions. Standard thick and thin smears were prepared and the remaining sample was collected in a sterile EDTA bottle. The smears were stained with Leishman?s stain and observed under oil immersion objective by a trained microscopist who was blinded with the results of QBC and Antigen detection test. The blood collected in EDTA was subjected to Quantitative buffy coat method and antigen detection test. QBC was done using QBC malaria test kits provided by BD (Becton Dickinson) Diagnostics. The QBC malaria tube was filled from the end nearest to two blue lines from a collection tube of well mixed venous blood, to a level between the two blue lines. The tube was held horizontal and rolled between the fingers to mix the blood with anticoagulant coating and staining agent. Tube was tilted slightly so that blood flows away from the orange coated end and closed by pressing a plastic closure. With a clean forceps, a float was inserted into the unsealed end of the tube. Then the tube was labelled and placed into slots of centrifuge rotor. After proper balancing, the tube was centrifuged at rate of 12000 rpm for 5 minutes. Centrifugal tube was inserted into the groove of Para viewer. Para viewer with QBC tube was placed on the stage of a white light microscope fitted with a paralens adaptor. About 2-3 drops of fluorescence optical immersion oil was added over buffy coat area of the tube. Using 60X objective and a minimum working distance of 0.34mm, the buffy coat of the tube was brought into focus and the entire circumference of the tube was examined. The total examination time to exclude negative was approximately 2 minutes. The presence of malaria parasite was indicated by the distinct bi-coloured signet forms of trophozites strikingly apparent in cells near the granulocyte layer. Gametocyte of P. falciparum appears as yellow sickle-shaped bodies. Schizonts of P.vivax can be recognised by the presence of malaria pigment which appears dark brown in colour. (8) Malaria pLDH/HRP2 was detected according to manufacturer?s instruction using SD BIOLINE Malaria Antigen P.f/Pan rapid kit test” manufactured by SD Bio Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd.

RESULTS
Of the 137 patients studied the maximum number of patients i.e. 51% of the patients belonged to the age group 16-30 years. The male and female ratio was 1.4:1. Of the total number of samples, 19 (13.87%) samples were positive by peripheral smear, 28 (20.44%) were positive by QBC and 21 (15.33%) by antigen detection tests. (Table 1) 19 were positive by both QBC and Peripheral smear and 109 were negative by both. QBC detected additional 09 positive cases which were negative on peripheral smear. (Table 2) 19 were positive by both Antigen test and peripheral smear, but antigen test detected 02 additional positive cases than peripheral smear. (Table 3) The QBC test was 100% sensitive, 92.37% specific with Positive Predictive Value of 67.86% and Negative Predictive Value of 100%. (Table 4) The antigen test was 84.21% sensitive, 95.76% specific with Positive Predictive Value of 76.19% and Negative Predictive Value of 97.47 %. (Table 4) Out of 25 P.vivax positive cases, 25 were positive by QBC, 16 by peripheral smear and 16 by antigen test. Out of 05 positive cases of P. falciparum, 05 were positive by antigen test and only 03 cases were positive by peripheral smear and 03 were positive by QBC. (Table 5) Among the peripheral smear negative cases, QBC could detect additional 09 cases out of 11 cases i.e. 81.81%. (Table 5)

DISCUSSION
Majority of the patients in our study were adults. The mean age was 35.02 years and SD of 17.97 years. The results are in consistent with Sangeeta Gupta et al. A cautionary note is however warranted in generalising from these data because the available national data provides very little information on age-specific prevalence for India.(9) In the present study QBC detected more number of positive cases i.e. 28 (20.44%) than peripheral smear 19 (13.87%) which is consistent with H.Singh et al (10), MJW Pinto et al(5) and BVS Krishna et al.(11) (Table 1). We also found that Antigen test detected more positive cases – 21(15.33%) than Peripheral smear. This is in consistent with findings of C. Rajendran et al.(12) The total incidence of malaria in our study was 13.86% (19/137). (Table 1)

In the present study only 19 (13.87%) cases were positive by peripheral smear. This is in agreement with Pinto MJW et al. (5) This could be due to the fact that in 100 fields of a thick blood films, approximately 0.25ul of blood is examined and during staining 60-80% of parasites may be lost. Hence the detection limit of thick blood films is about 5-20 parasites /µl. (11) (Table 1) Compared to Peripheral smear, QBC was found to be 100% sensitive as it could detect additional 09 cases which were negative on peripheral smear. All the blood samples which were negative by QBC were also negative by peripheral smear. This is in agreement with Bhandari et al (13) who had 100% sensitivity with QBC. QBC is of great importance in peripheral smear negative cases and should be preferably used as a final diagnostic test and not as a screening test or first line investigation considering its high cost and tendency to report false positives.(13)(Table 2) Antigen test was superior to Peripheral smear study in our study as it could detect 9.05% more cases than peripheral smear. However, it does give the remainder 9.523% false positive result. We observed low sensitivity (84.21%) with antigen test. This could be due to low parasitaemia levels as observed by Iqbal et al (6) who observed 75% sensitivity at parasitaemia of 100 parasites/µl. (Table 3) Using Peripheral smear study as the „gold standard?, the QBC with respect to peripheral smear was found to be 100% sensitive which is in agreement with Bhandari et al (13) who had 100% sensitivity with QBC and specificity of 93.61%. This could be because in the QBC method approximately 65-75ul of blood is used. Due to the high concentration of parasitized erythrocytes in a small region, there is more probability of detecting the parasites within a short time. There is no loss of parasites during the procedure and hence the detection limit is 2 parasites/µl of blood or lower. (13) But the specificity of the QBC test was low in our study as shown in other studies. (13, 14, 15) The Positive Predictive Value of QBC did not reveal the absolute certainty of diagnosis. However, the claim of 100% sensitivity was proven in this study. This may be due to the fact that Howell-jolly bodies, artefacts such as cell debris and bacterial contamination may give false positive results. (13) The „z? value was 1.45 (6.57/4.53) i.e. numerator < 2 x denominator. Therefore, there is no significant difference at p=0.05 i.e. p>0.05 (Table 4) Antigen detection test was superior to peripheral smear in our study as it could detect 9.05% more cases than Peripheral smear. This could be due to persistence of HRP2 following clearance of P.falciparum. The antigen test has got high specificity of 95.76%, however it does give the remainder 9.523% false positive results, but the sensitivity was low (84.21%). This might be due to low parasitaemia and the sensitivity of the test increases with increase in parasite density as also observed by Iqbal et al (6) and C. Rajendran et al. (12) The „z? value was 0.34 (1.46/4.26) i.e. numerator < 2 x denominator. Therefore, there is no significant difference at p=0.05 i.e. p>0.05 (Table 4) The QBC method was 100% sensitive than antigen test. Also QBC positive cases with low parasitaemia (grade 1 and grade 2) gave negative result with antigen test. The „z? value was 1.12 (5.11/4.61) i.e. numerator < 2 x denominator. Therefore, there is no significant difference at p=0.05 i.e. p>0.05(Table 4) Species identification especially gametocytes of P. falciparum was not possible in 03 cases with QBC which was confirmed by peripheral smear examination. Concern over the ability of QBC method to enable species identification has been expressed. (5, 14) This could be attributed to the morphology of the erythrocytes being not apparent in QBC (13) also the gametocytes have a buoyant density similar to that of leucocytes and are found within the buffy coat, where it is difficult to distinguish parasites from leucocytes.(14)(Table 5)

CONCLUSION
In the present study of two months duration, we compared Peripheral smear a known „Gold Standard? with Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) and Antigen detection assay. We did not find any significant difference between Peripheral smear and Quantitative buffy coat and Peripheral smear and Antigen detection assay. Quantitative buffy coat is advantageous where work load is high, but it is costly and gives false positive report. Antigen detection test is useful device when microscopy is not available and immediate clinical diagnosis is required especially for P. falciparum cases which may develop cerebral complications. But it gives false positive results even after treatment. Both the methods cannot replace microscopic method for identification of species and for determination of parasitaemia. Therefore, further studies should be done with large number of samples for the evaluation of Quantitative buffy coat and Antigen detection test.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With a deep sense of gratitude, we would like to thank Indian Council of Medical Research for selecting this project for Short Term Studentship Program. We also thank the patients without whom this study would not have been possible. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to the authors/ editors/ publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR. A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2009; 52(2):200-201.

2. Zeb J, Zeb W, Hamid Jan A, Faqir F. Evaluation of two immuno-chromatographic based kits for rapid diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2009; 23(2):149- 152.

3. Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Dyer M, Currie BJ, Anstey NM. Field evaluation of the ICT malaria Pf / Pv immunochromatographic test for detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in patients with presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria in eastern Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2412-2417.

4. WHO World Malaria Report 2008 5. Pinto MJW, Rodrigues SR, Desouza R, Verenkar MP. Usefulness of quantitative buffy coat blood parasite detection system in diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Med Microbiol 2001; 19(4):219-221.

6. Iqbal J, Sher A, Hira PR, Al-Owaish R. Comparison of the OptiMAL test with PCR for diagnosis of malaria in immigrants. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37(11):3644-3646.

7. Uguen C, Rabodonirina M, De Pina JJ, Vigier JP, Martet G, Maret M, Peyorn F. Parasight® F rapid manual diagnostic test of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1995; 73(5):643-649.

8. Dickenson B. QBC Malaria diagnostic kit product information and test procedures. User?s manual. Becton Dickenson and Co.

9. Gupta S, Gunter JT, Novak RJ, Regens JL. Patterns of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria underscore importance of data collection from private health care facilities in India. Malar J 2009; 8:227.

10. Singh H, Tyagi PK, Sharma SK. Malaria diagnosis: Quantitative buffy coat versus conventional microscopy. J Asso Phy Ind 2001; 49:945-946.

11. Krishna BVS, Deshpande AR. Comparison between conventional and QBC methods for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46(3):517-520.

12. Rajendran C, Dube SN. Field evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test kit for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum malaria parasites from Sonitpur district, Assam. J of Parasitic Diseases 2006 June; 30(1): 94-97

13. Bhandari PL, Raghuveer CV, Rajeev A, Bhandari PD. Comparative study of peripheral blood smear, quantitative buffy coat and modified centrifuged blood smear in malaria diagnosis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008; 51(1):108-112.

14. Rickman LS, Oberst R. Rapid diagnosis of malaria by acridine orange staining of centrifuged parasites. Lancet; January 14, 1989:pp.68-71

15. Gurung B, Bairy I, Jagdishchandra, Manohar C. Evaluation of Falcivax against quantitative buffy coat (QBC) for the rapid diagnosis of malaria. Inter J Coll Research on Int Med and Pub Hlth 2010; 2(5):132-140.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions